Argumentative Essay On Edward Snowden - 882 Words

Edward Snowden is considered by many to be a criminal, but there are others who firmly believe that Edward Snowden is a patriot, and rightfully so Edward Snowden is a hero to the American people and many abroad. The United States government has the responsibility to serve, protect and aid the American people, but sometimes the government and some of its classified documents every now and then get published and criticized. Edward Snowden had worked for multiple government agencies such as the CIA, NSA and prior to that an American contractor as a computer professional, and during his tenure at the NSA he had realized the grotesque and unprofessional ethics and violations of privacy against the American people, and so many innocent citizens†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Edward Snowden had done more than disclose the governments illegals acts, but also inform the world about programs and secret government agendas about how much freedom and privacy is being taken away in the name of security. Samuel Adams also once said, â€Å"The truth is, all might be free if they valued freedom, and defended it as they ought.† In this sense, Edward Snowden had valued freedom more so over anything against it, and had acted as he did fighting and defending his individual freedom. Edward Snowden had also fought for the truth, and not only exposed the government, but also to the American people what was happening to their rights and freedoms. The many stories and historical freedom fighters had even put their lives on the line for truth and liberty, and Edward Snowden had also done the same and succeeding in continuing the fight for freedom. Many who also who perceive Edward Snowden as a hero inspire them to do the same as he had, and exposing the government of their false truths and secrecy. Edward Snowden isn’t the only person who believes what the U.S. had done was wrong, but also many American leaders, and other nations around the world. The United States had not only been collecting data on their own citizens, but also of other countries leaders and citizens. The release of these documents had strained political relationships between the U.S. and other allied nations. The knowledge and truth other leaders and nations had gainedShow MoreRelatedFear Technology in Mark Hagerott and Daniel Sarewitzs Article, A Future in Denial862 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems such as the Edward Snowden scandal or the NSA wiretapping scandal with something more understandable and relatable such as a movie. I think the authors of the article are however unsuccessful in their approach because there is a lack of structure, not enough viable sources, and the authors use fear tactics that intimidate the reader. In the article A Future in Denial bridges how real life scandals in the recent news such as the NSA phone tapping scandal and the Edward Snowden scandal and how

Evaluation Of A Performance Review - 1311 Words

No one ever wants to receive a below-average rating as my review has indicated. I have had a lengthy and well-documented career of consistently meeting and exceeding my goals across two prior companies and my 2015 Performance Review grading is absolutely beyond confounding. The grading of this review is inconsistently and inappropriately low with the performance I have demonstrated throughout 2015. It is vague and effusive in the majority of its key points, and in respects, inappropriately imprecise if not demeaning of my position and valuable contributions to the Procurement Organization. As background, in 2015 I continued to produce consistent work and a positive attitude and stakeholder engagement despite the very significant†¦show more content†¦Because I have a category where over 60% is non-sourceable spend (leases and utilities), I have only $38M in impactable spend where over 80% is spend-managed by detailed contract. I am third in savings only to my Senior Director himself, who oversees the entire group, and the Director of IT Procurement, who manages $77M in annual spend. On a percentage basis, I have out-performed the next two higher-compensated levels in my group, while managing half the sourceable spend. For example, it is pointed out that the Stericycle contract took 9 months to complete. What is ignored is that Stericycle has been under a class-action lawsuit in the state of Illinois for price-gouging, and this situation required the approval of our Assistant General Counsel, Hank Gerock to move forward as well as extensive collaboration with the Vendor Management Organization. This was not a simple approval, but required vetting with spend data, direct negotiation, and confrontation with Stericycle where PPD was at-risk in 14 individual binding contracts across its US sites. My direct negotiation greatly lowered the risk to PPD by directly engaging the Facility category’s highest non-construction, non-utility spend on three fronts: 1) eliminated the 5-year binding standard Stericycle term and reduced it to a 3-year term with â€Å"terminate for

Five Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Describe how Hofstedes five Cultural dimensions could be used to explain the situation at Lees Company. 2.Discuss what, if anything, Lee could do to remain at the Company but continue to work in a manner with which he felt comfortable. Explain your reasons. 3.How can the Korean Manager deal with more Individualistic Employees without losing the Competitive advantage of the talented workforce? Answers: The cultural differences in very much evident in the Lees company. The cultural differences are bound to exist as Hofstede has supported a varying nature of workplace culture at different places across the globe (Obeidat et al. 2012). According to Hofstede, there are huge differences in the cultures of Australian and Korean workplace. This has probably created problem for Lee at his Korean Company from the very first day of his inception. Figure 1: Hofstedes Cultural Dimension of South Korea (Source: Ting and Ying 2013) Figure 2: Hofstedes Cultural Dimension of Australia (Source: Wiewiora et al. 2013) The Hofstedes Cultural Dimension for both the countries Australia and Korea do transparently reveal a huge difference, which is why Lee has his life difficult at his office in Korea. According to Hofstede, power distance in Korea is comparatively bigger than it is in Australia. This is why Lee has found himself loosely connected with the companys leaders. The manger of the company has enormous reasons with him to support his disconnection with Lee. Surprisingly, Koreans are fewer individualists, which according to Hofstede mean that they believe more in teamwork. However, something has prevented Lees colleagues for being disconnected from him. It is surprising again, that Koreans are more feminine, which means that companies would have high cares for its employees. However, Lee has been treated differently that it should be. The uncertainty avoidance according to Hofstede is higher in Korea than it is in Australia. This indicates that Koreans are straight to the matter. Precisely, it means that management are very open and straight with their thoughts and desires. This is indeed evident in the case study, as the manager of the Lees company has explained all the issues, which the manager has with Lee. This only had ended a long uncertainty of two months for Lee. According to Hofstede, long-term orientation is a key point that has detached the manager from Lee. Moreover, it has probably detached other colleagues from Lee as well. Koreans respect such employees who eyes for long participation with organisation by respecting the short-term values such as respecting the tradition culture at the workplace. According to Hofstede, Lee has disrespected his manager, as this is evident in the case study where his manager explains Lee the reason for his detachment from him. The manager has explained that leaving office before the supervisors is nothing but disrespecting the supervisors. According to Hofstede, Australians have relatively high indulgence, which means they h ave less control on their desire and willingness. This is widely evident in the Lees character, as Lee cannot keep himself separated from his desire to wear the Australia attire and designing the hair accordingly. This has eventually started to cause problem for Lee from his very first day in his Korean Company (Dartey-Baah 2013). 2.Lee can stay at his company in Korea; however, it needs some sacrifices from Lee as well. This might be very difficult but according to Hofstede, there does not look any better option than to accept some considerations for change. This is indeed illogical for the mentioned Korean Company to change their culture just for one employee. This is why it is better that Lee considers a change for himself if he wishes to stay at this company (Giacalone and Jurkiewicz 2015). The first change would be the removal of hair dying habit, which has kept other employees detached from Lee from very first day of him in the office. It is practically easier to make hair black; however, it is indeed difficult to be separated from a culture, which has remained in the blood for approximately 15 years. The second change would be to wear formal attires at the workplace. Lee has been in Australia for approximately 15 years, which is why it is unpractical for Lee to keep himself away from casual wears. Lee h as already mentioned that he does not want to consider any change with his lifestyle; however, the existing situation is demanding the unexpected from Lee. This is perhaps the most difficult task for Lee to change his wearing style. However, it is indeed very much required for Lee to be into the company. The third change would be to be in the office as long as there are supervisors. Lee should never leave the office before his supervisors do as his manager has already mentioned that this is according to him is disrespectful. However, Lee has some different thoughts, which is evident in the case study. Lee on the other hand wants to finish off the task within a very short span of time so that he could impress his supervisors. Since, after finishing off the task Lee is not left with any task, he thinks it wiser to leave the office. Nonetheless, Lee should be in the office even if he is done with his task. This would help him win the attention of his supervisors, which Lee is presently not enjoying (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). This is indeed challenging for Lee according to the Hofstedes Cultural Dimension, as there are huge cultural differences in between the workplace of Australia and Korea (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 2013). 3.Lee according to the case study and the Hofstedes Cultural Dimension is more individualist. This is because Lee has spent 15 years of his career in Australia. Nevertheless, Australians are highly individualist. They care more for their skill development. On contrary to this, Koreans have high passion for teamwork. They love to work in collaboration. It is indeed a challenge for the manager to overcome the individualist in him (Ogihara and Uchida 2014). However, mangers in the Lees company can act smartly to take benefits of him. Lee is highly skilled and has very high dedication to his work. The manager should encourage Lee on his work. This would encourage an attachment with the manager, which is highly missing ever since Lees tenure in the company. The manager should also motivate Lee for sharing his skills with his other team members. It is indeed difficult as Lee is more individualist. However, it can happen if the manager explains to Lee the importance of participation in the recommended work. Managers can explain the importance of knowledge sharing in the productivity of the company (Wang and Wang 2012). This might certainly work and change the mind of Lee, which is very necessary for Lee to be in the company. Additionally, managers should also adopt few changes in their mindset as well. They should ignore the few cultural differences such as dressing attires and fashioning. This is something, which Lee has maintained for 15 long years in Australia. Managers should also encourage its other employees to be connected to Lee despite the differences, which Lee has in its culture. Managers should arrange an introductory session where every employee would be required to participate. In the session, every employee would get equal chance to interact with Lee. It should be a free to talk like session. This would help remove the cultural related issues, which the other employees have with Lee. Managers need to present their views as well. This would communicate the feeling of equines among the employees (Kissi, Dainty and Tuuli 2013). References Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Dartey-Baah, K., 2013. The cultural approach to the management of the international human resource: An analysis of Hofstedes cultural dimensions.International Journal of Business Administration,4(2), p.39. Giacalone, R.A. and Jurkiewicz, C.L., 2015.Handbook of workplace spirituality. ME Sharpe. Kissi, J., Dainty, A. and Tuuli, M., 2013. Examining the role of transformational leadership of portfolio managers in project performance.International Journal of project management,31(4), pp.485-497. Obeidat, B., Shannak, R., Masadeh, R.E.M.D.T. and Al-Jarrah, I., 2012. Toward better understanding for Arabian culture: Implications based on Hofstedes cultural model.European Journal of Social Sciences,28(4), pp.512-522. Ogihara, Y. and Uchida, Y., 2014. Does individualism bring happiness? Negative effects of individualism on interpersonal relationships and happiness.Frontiers in psychology,5. Ting, S.K.T. and Ying, C.Y., 2013. Culture dimensions comparison: A study of Malaysia and South Korea.Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research,2(1), p.535. Wang, Z. and Wang, N., 2012. Knowledge sharing, innovation and firm performance.Expert systems with applications,39(10), pp.8899-8908. Wiewiora, A., Trigunarsyah, B., Murphy, G. and Coffey, V., 2013. Organizational culture and willingness to share knowledge: A competing values perspective in Australian context.International Journal of Project Management,31(8), pp.1163-1174.

Loch Ness Monster free essay sample

Beast of the Lake Say you were fishing at on the Loch, and out of nowhere the water starts to move. A head and two humps start to emerge from the water Just to disappear. What would you do? What would you think? Would you have ever thought is it real or not? What do you think this mysterious creature could be? There are a lot of possibilities on what it is. For those of you who havent heard of Nessie, the mystery of the Loch Ness Monster is quite interesting. Nessie is named after the Lake, Loch Ness. But also the Loch means Lake in an old Gaelic language of Scotland. Its 23 miles long and about a ile wide. The first sighting of Nessie took place in 585 A. D. The most recent sighting was on June 6th, 2009. Nessie is about 16 feet long and has a head and a tail. There are a lot of theories about, if Nessie is real or not. So let me ask you do you think its real, fake, or is it Just an elaborate hoax? Most people do think that Nessie is real. A lot of people that go to the Loch have seen Nessie. It seems like the summers when its hot out Nessie is seen the most. It might Just be because of the warmness of the sun on its body that makes it want to come to the surface of the water. On June 7, 1974 monster hunter, Frank Serle approached a barbed wire fence near the beach front. He and a lady heard a splash. When they looked they both saw these things that were about two feet long, dark gray, fat bodies, long necks, small head with protruding eyes, and snake like tails. They both had two stumps looking like appendages on their bodies. Now if Nessie is real, is it possible that she or he had babies? If there are babies, doesnt there have to be a mom to raise them? To have babies a male and female have to of had intercourse, like all the other mammals have to. So is it really possible that there is more than Just one Loch Ness Monster living in the Lake? If there is, then its also possible that when people are seeing the Loch Ness Monster that its not the same one every time. If its not the same one every time, maybe when one goes down then another might come up. Then if so then it is actually possible that there is more than Just one. The Lake is big enough to have more than one. Now let me ask you a question from the possibilities that I have given you. Do you think that a Loch Ness Monster Family exist in the Loch? Here is another sighting or story of Nessie: On July 1930, three young men were fishing in a boat out on the lake. They were on the southern part of the lake. They then saw the water start to become disturbed from about 600 yards away. Then they saw a large creature start to come up from the water. The creature started to swim towards them but when it got within 300 yards of the boat it turned away. Now, to this story, I wonder is wouldnt Nessie be afraid to come that close. A lot of the stories you hear, people say as soon as Nessie sees them she immediately swims way or goes back beneath the water. Doesnt it seem a little bit like a lie? If Nessie is so afraid to come near people, then why did Nessie get close to these people? On a daily basis if people see it, Nessie is Just going to swim away. I dont see why Nessie would risk coming so close to this boat. Im on the side where I dont think the Loch Ness Monster is real at all. There are several ways and reasons that Nessie is Just a fake. It could be a hoax, prank, folklore, or Just a tall-tale. Could it Just a tree branch? Lets talk about the hoax and prank first. One prank most commonly found on the nternet is called The Surgeons Photograph. As it turns out this boy had a toy submarine, put a fake head on it, and someone took a picture. This was one of the best Nessie hoaxes until he confessed. I even have my own hoax or prank. Would it be possible to take some kind of wood and cut out a head and two humps, like the way Nessie looks? Then you could paint them black. Take a piece of pipe the width of your cut outs. Then on those pieces of pipe, put caps on both ends, but make sure there is no water in the pipe Just air. Take your cut outs of Nessie and attach them to the pipe. Take some rope and connect all three pieces together. Then go out and put it in the water. But you have to be beneath the surface so you don let people realize its fake. Let it sit for a couple minutes and bring the pieces under the water one by one. It might not work and it might. Then again this wouldnt work unless you made the pieces three-dimensional. If someone is standing somewhere where they can Just see that its fake. Then your not prank in anybody. So you would have to make your pieces three dimensional that way no matter where youre standing its going to look real. Nessie has been seen very early in time. Could it Just be folklore or a tall-tale? We all have met those people that when they tell a story they like to exaggerate the truth. Is this how the Loch Ness Monster came to be? When Nessie was first seen maybe it was Just a really big fish, but got away from the fishermen. Then he went back into town and said something like, l Just saw this monster down in the lake. It was 5 foot long and had these protruding eyes that Just looked at me. Now doesnt that sound a little too far fetched, if this is how Nessie started in the beginning. No telling how many people and how many times people have changed and over exaggerated the story. So this I could see happening but Nessie being real, I cant. It seems like the one that can be seen spiraling out of control. Is it possible that it could be a tree branch? Tree branches can be shaped with two humps and an end that comes up like a head. If it was a tree branch wouldnt it be too heavy to float? If it was too heavy it would Just sink, but it could float if it was on a high spot in the lake. Say youre looking at this thing in the water you dont know hat it is. You go to turn around and talk to someone, or look down to get your camera ready. Then you turn back around and look back where you saw the thing and its gone, it Just disappeared. You would be thinking Its real I Just saw it. But how do you really know that its real when you didnt see it move or anything. While you werent looking the water could have shifted and moved the tree branch to where it sinks in the water. You would never have known what happened all because you werent looking and doing something else. There probably were people that saw t and watched it until they saw the water move it and sink it. They would know that it was not real. In talking about all these stories and theories if the Loch Ness Monster is real or not, I still believe that the monster is Just a fake. There are Just too many contradictions. It you are undecided, my best suggestion would be to go over to Scotland yourselt and find out if its real or not. But you better be prepared for what some people will say to you. You will here statements like, you are lying, thats not real, its a fake, or you are Just saying that to get attention

The Horse and his Rider Essay Example For Students

The Horse and his Rider Essay Additionally, the curling smoke could indicate that it is autumn or winter and is most probably early morning as the hot breath of the horse mixes with the cold air. Flinty pebbles (l. 5) and clouds of sand (l. 12) suggest that the horse is probably on a beach. Baillie is Scottish and glaring south (l. 9) indicates that the ensuing battle is going to take place either across the border in England or possibly in France. Alternatively, this poem could refer to a medieval scene with a Knight and his steed about to go off on the crusades. We will write a custom essay on The Horse and his Rider specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After fourteen lines of admiration for the horse comes the turn in the poem and the mood changes from praise and adulation of the horse to praise and adulation of the rider. After But lo! (l. 15) comes the caesura and a complete change of tone and mood. What creature, asks the poet, is good enough to sit on such a magnificent beast as this horse? Eight lines later Baillie tells her reader, in a awed and admiring tone, that a British soldier, armed for war (l. 22) is that person. Described as godly (l.15) the reader can picture this mortal, dressed in armour and appearing a much larger than life figure. Portly stature (l. 17) could indicate that this man is not used to war and fighting and would be more at home going about his everyday tasks. But he is an Englishman and willing to fight for his country so he adopts a determined mien (l. 17). His dark eye (l. 18) indicates his anger and concern and his brow serene (l. 18) suggests his calm determination. Clearly this man understands the risks and futility involved in war and battle as he forward looks unmoved to the fields of death (l.19). This is also a compassionate man who, despite knowing what lies ahead, feels kindness and pity for his horse as he gently strokes (l. 20) the beast. Smiling and gently (l. 20) enhance the flowing movement of stroking the horse. There is a distinct change of mood in this final octave. Prior to this there is a real feeling of anger and excitement of what lies ahead and this also adds to the pomp and ceremony of battle. The horse, being just an animal, is not capable of seeing the dangers that lie ahead; whereas the man, a British soldier (l.22), whilst being proud and courageous like the horse, is also aware of the dangers and horror that the battlefield contains. Baillie manages to create a picture full of life, action, sound and expectation relating to the horse but subtly changes the feel and tempo of these final eight lines to give a more restrained impression of pride and acceptance when talking about the man. Throughout the poem Baillies shares her experience and feelings of the sight she has witnessed by building up a rhythmic pattern of rhyme and imagery to recreate the scene for the reader of her words. There are different levels at which this poem can be read and enjoyed and these are all interwoven. Literally the words tell a basic story a horse and rider are preparing to go to war. Ethically the poem looks at the moral issues of war and death. Historically it hints at the underlying political influences of fighting for ones King and Country. On an apocalyptical level it suggests the spiritual aspects of death. Steven Bygrave states that Romantic texts are more than usually highly politically charged (Bygrave, 1998, p. 14) and this poem is a good example of this and gives an idea of Baillies views. .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e , .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e .postImageUrl , .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e , .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e:hover , .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e:visited , .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e:active { border:0!important; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e:active , .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fc86eba62b2f2ddfbf4936986d70f8e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poet dreams EssayThat she admires both the horse and the rider is evident but whether she supports or condemns war is not clear. What she has done is provide her reader with a lucid picture of The Horse and his Rider whilst hinting at underlying issues but leaving the reader to form his or her own opinions. (1,436 words) Bygrave, S. (ed. ) (1998) Romantic Writings, The Open University Owens, W. R. and Johnson, H. (eds) (1998) Romantic Writings: An Anthology, The Open University Sue Ashbee (ed. ) (2001) Approaching Literature: Approaching Poetry, The Open University.

What Essay Examples Merchant Marine Students Should Look Into?

What Essay Examples Merchant Marine Students Should Look Into?Merchant marine is a term that encompasses the entire crew of a merchant vessel. Merchant Marine Academy Essay samples refer to a set of papers that students must study before they can pass their final exams in their respective degree program.Since the job of a marine academy is to prepare students for all kinds of different career choices, the standard practice of writing essays to increase grade point averages in a student's major, among other things, is also included in the list of things such schools do to prepare students for the workplace. These essays need to cover a variety of topics and general information, since they are meant to provide the students with a base of knowledge about their chosen field, and to help them understand how to take the most important things about it into consideration as they enter the working world.The most popular topics for shipboard assignments in the merchant marine academy essays ar e the same general topics that are used to form the core of the curriculum in a college, university, or graduate school. These topics include: Human anatomy, biology, chemistry, math, geography, physics, and other concepts that are vital to working in the field. Other sections could include the different types of ships that a person could work on, or things that would be needed in order to become a skilled crew member.Taking these topics one step further, though, by covering all of the necessary skills, one could start their essay on the many different facets of the vessel itself. From their large engine rooms to the smaller spaces in between the engine decks, every room would need to be given sufficient attention, which would include a description of their functions, how the room was used, and where it is located in the ship. This is probably the best place to mention the part of the ship where the important crew members of the ship would spend the most time, since it would be the most useful for them.For other professionals involved in shipboard operations, this would include listing the office space, the place where important documents were stored, and the important pieces of equipment that they would need in order to function normally. Specialty areas could also be listed like mechanics and engineering, and the locations where food and water would be available for their crews. Finally, it would also be good to give information on any additional rules or regulations that the vessel's manager would expect to be followed.Of course, nothing can be completed without mentioning what the purpose of the vessel was, and what kind of people would work there. Every ship would have a specific function, so such topics as how to handle a storm and how to get along with each other would be important. Also included in the topics would be things like safety, navigation, and fuel management, which could come up when shipping needed to be done, and where that place would be located.Of course, these essay samples are not a guarantee that students will actually pass their classes if they choose to try and pass these exams. The same goes for every class that requires students to write a paper for the sake of a grade, since the amount of effort required to take it all in would vary depending on the teacher. Still, it will give students a better understanding of what is expected from them, and a better picture of what kind of person they would become in the working world.For anyone who is considering going into this kind of work, or has already begun, a good choice would be to begin by looking into the different schools in the area that would accept students who do not have that kind of background. While they are not required, as this type of work would require that students have some degree of formal education, it would be a good idea to find out about the schools and to see what they offer, as that may be a great choice for those who want to continue thei r studies.

The Primitive Hut - Laugiers Theory About Architecture

The Primitive Hut - Laugier's Theory About Architecture The Primitive Hut has become a shorthand statement of principle that defines essential elements of architecture. Often, the phrase is Laugiers Primitive Hut. Marc-Antoine Laugier (1713-1769) was a French Jesuit priest who rejected the opulence of Baroque architecture prevalent in his lifetime. He outlined his theory about what architecture should be in the 1753 Essai sur larchitecture. According to Laugier, all architecture derives from three essential elements: The columnThe entablatureThe pediment The Primitive Hut Illustrated Laugier expanded his book-length essay in a second edition published in 1755. This second edition includes the iconic frontispiece illustration by French artist Charles Eisen. In the picture, an idyllic woman (perhaps the personification of Architecture) points out a simple rustic cabin to a child (perhaps the unknowing, naive architect). The structure she points to is simplistic in design, uses basic geometric shapes, and is constructed from natural elements. Laugiers Primitive Hut is his representation of the philosophy that all architecture derives from this simple ideal. In the English translation of this 1755 edition, the frontispiece created by the British engraver Samuel Wale is slightly different from the illustration used in the well-known, celebrated French edition. The picture in the English language book is less allegorical and more clear-cut than the more romantic picture from the French edition. Both illustrations show, however, a reasoned and simplified approach to building. Charles Eisen frontispiece from Essai sur l’architecture, 2nd editionPublic domain image from DOME, digitized content from the MIT Libraries collections, dome.mit.eduSamuel Wale frontispiece from the English translationIllustration in the public domain courtesy of Open Library, openlibrary.org Full Title in English An Essay on Architecture; in which Its True Principles are explained, and Invariable Rules proposed, for Directing the Judgment and Forming the Taste of the Gentleman and the Architect, With regard to the Different Kinds of Buildings, the Embellishment of Cities, And the Planning of Gardens. The Primitive Hut Idea by Laugier Laugier theorizes that man wants nothing but shade from the sun and shelter from storms- the same requirements as a more primitive human. The man is willing to make himself an abode which covers but not buries him, Laugier writes. Pieces of wood raised perpendicularly, give us the idea of columns. The horizontal pieces that are laid upon them, afford us the idea of entablatures. Branches form an incline that can be covered with leaves and moss, so that neither the sun nor the rain can penetrate therein; and now the man is lodged. Laugier concludes that The little rustic cabin that I have just described, is the model upon which all the magnificences of architecture have been imagined. Why is Laugiers Primitive Hut Important? The essay is considered a major treatise in architectural theory. It is often cited by teachers of architecture and practicing architects even in the 21st century.Laugiers expression is pro-Greek Classicism and reacts against the Baroque ornamentation and decoration of his day. It established the argument for future architectural movements, including 18th century Neoclassicism and the 21st century trend toward unadorned, eco-friendly tiny homes and small dwellings (see Books to Help You Build a Smaller Home).The Primitive Hut idea supports a back-to-nature philosophy, a romantic idea which gained popularity in the mid-18th century and influenced literature, art, music, and architecture.Defining the essential elements of architecture is a statement of purpose, a philosophy that drives the work of an artist and practitioner. Simplicity of design and the use of natural materials, what Laugier believes are architectural essentials, are familiar ideas that have been embraced by more moder n architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright and the vision of Gustav Stickley at Craftsman Farms. Laugiers rustic cabin is sometimes call The Vitruvian Hut, because Laugier built on ideas of natural and divine proportion documented by the ancient Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius (see Geometry and Architecture). Critical Thinking The popularity of Laugiers philosophy is in part because he offers easily understood alternatives to the architecture he scorns. The clarity of his writing is such that the English architect Sir John Soane (1753-1837) is said to have given copies of Laugiers book to his new staff members. Architects of the 20th century, like Le Corbusier, and of the 21st century, including Thom Mayne, have acknowledged the influence of Laugiers ideas on their own work. You dont have to agree with Laugiers visions, but its a good idea to understand them. Ideas shape everything we create, including architecture. Everyone has a philosophy that develops over time, even if the ideas havent been written down. A useful project is to put into words the theories about architecture and design that you have developed- how should buildings be built? what should cities look like? what design elements should all architecture have?  How do you write philosophy? How do you read philosophy? The Primitive Hut and Related Books Essay on Architecture by Marc-Antoine Laugier, English translation by Wolfgang Herrmann and Anni HerrmannBuy on AmazonOn Adams House in Paradise: The Idea of the Primitive Hut in Architectural History by Joseph Rykwert, MIT Press, 1981Buy on AmazonA Hut of Ones Own: Life Outside the Circle of Architecture by Ann Cline, MIT Press, 1998Buy on Amazon Sources Quotations and frontispiece designed by Mr. Wale for English translation of Laugiers Essay on Architecture (1755) in the public domain courtesy of Open Library, openlibrary.org