China’s One Child Policy is said to have created a generation of ‘Little Emperors’. Assess the consequences of most families having only one or two children Essay

China’s one-child family policy has had a great effect on the lives of nearly a quarter of the world’s population for a quarter of a century, after it was introduced in 1979. One of the effects is often referred to as â€Å"Little Emperor’s Syndrome†, which is when the only child received excessive amounts of attention from relatives causing a â€Å"spoilt brat† generation to occur. This puts both social and economic pressures on the families and children. By only having one child per family it allows the family to solely use its resources on that child; thus allowing the child to often fulfill their potential, as English lessons, music lessons and an additional range of extracurricular activities are normal. Although this has positive outcomes such as a rise in the number of Chinese children going to university, it has still mainly had the negative effect of the â€Å"Little Emperors† having large expectations of everyone else, with the government now being worried about a slump in the economy, being one of the many reasons why China may drop the one child policy. One of the main issues with the one child policy is that 336 million abortions in the time of the policy have taken place, which has caused a few moral issues throughout the world, with many people questioning the policy. Although many people in China have said that it has been a positive as a way to maintain the resources in the country and stop a large increase in the population. The number of abortions is paired with the issue of gendercide in China being at an all time high, people want a â€Å"Little Emperor† and not â€Å"Little Empress† due to traditional preference, this again presents a moral issue with the policy and may lead to future problems. Over 20 million girls are aborted each year and with over 50 million Chinese girls currently missing, there is a problem brewing in that there will be a shortage of women in comparison to men which may see the population and economy of China drop. The one child policy is also a costly program for the Chinese Government with over 400,000 people currently working for the policy and annually costs $708.8 million. This is not helped by the fact that the one child policy is creating a generation of youngsters that is not as good a working force compared to the current one; this is due to the fact that the â€Å"Little Emperors† are spoiled and do not expect to work for themselves (especially in urban areas, where there are wealthier families). It is thought that with the population (Fig 1) stagnating the economy may stagnate also, due to a smaller working force and one that is less willing to work, an example of the â€Å"Little Emperor’s Syndrome† is that there has been a doubling in the number of platinum jewelry sales in China, an expensive gift usually given to children. Although the parental expectations are high, only 2% of Chinese children are able to go to university, which many Chinese scholars suggest may be a sign of the future of the stagnation of the Chinese economy. This all shows that the one child policy may not be aiding the economy that has currently been one of the fastest growing in the world, causing a few people in China to question it. The policy has also affected the children themselves, as surveys have suggested that children born during the one child policy are significantly less trusting, less trustworthy, more risk-averse, less competitive, more pessimistic, and less conscientious individuals. All these characteristics are due to the fact that many of these children are born as an only child, and they now have present implications for the nation. These consequences include the number of criminal incidents to increase by 7.2% in the past 3 years and over $17 billion being spent on illegal drugs; this is because many young people create groups or gangs as close relationships in the place of ones with their siblings; but also due to the fact that a surplus of men has caused an increase in violence due to the increase in young males not marrying and becoming restless. This is not going to be beneficial for the country as it is causing youngsters to be misled into crime and will also be expensive for the government to try and expel from the country. It is also a thought that in the future there will be fewer people of a working age to support a growing number of elderly dependents, meaning that China has an ageing population. (Fig 2) Unfortunately, ageing populations have significant social and economic effects on countries, and with China’s fertility rate being predicted to be as low as 1.5 [a 2.1 fertility rate is needed in China in order for sustainability] the long term effects of the One-Child policy are likely to have detrimental effects for the future; including a stagnating economy. This is made worse by the fact that there are 60 million more men than women in China, which, is only going to lead to more social problems, such as a decrease in population in the future. (Fig 1)Which is shown by a recent census, China’s population grew 5.8% since 2000, from 1.27 billion to 1.34 billion — a significant difference from the previous census, which indicated a rate of 11.7%. (Fig 1) Finally, a positive effect of the one child policy is that it has severely reduced the population of the China by roughly 400 million. This has created an abundance of resources for China, which was under some pressure for necessities such as drinking water. However, China has dealt with that through projects such as the Three Gorges Dam, but also through the one child policy allowing for the surplus resources to exist due to the decline in population growth. The lack of 400 million people has also helped reduce global warming, because, by stopping these births China has averted over 1.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere. Overall, it is clear that there are many negative consequences that have occurred or that will occur due to the one child policy, which is why it is thought that by 2020 the one child policy will no longer exist and that it will become the two child policy. The problems are economic and social problems that revolve around the idea of an ageing population that will need financial support from a spoiled generation; yet, the only environmental factors are positive- with global warming being reduced and the resources in China lasting longer and there being surplus. However, it is obvious that the â€Å"Little Emperors† are going to have to support China in their time of need, which is due to the one child policy, and it is whether they can do it or whether they have been spoiled to the extent that they are unable to run one of the biggest economies in the world. Lastly, the one child policy has probably been good for China itself, but the way that other nations now perceive China after the â€Å"brutal† one child policy, may cause them future problems.

Oregon Wines Essay

Although winemaking dates back to 1840’s, in Oregon, commercial production began in 1960’s (Hall). Having a relatively short history of 50 years, today, Oregon is the third largest wine producer state of United States. As of 2009, the state hosts to 453 wineries which are mostly small and family-owned (Wine Communications Group). History of the Oregon Wine Industry The first grape plantation in the region was made by horticulturist Henderson Luelling, in Willamette Valley by 1847. By the 1850’s Peter Britt started growing wine grapes in his Valley View Vineyard, today’s Applegate Valley. According to the census; in 1860, wine production was 11,800 litres (2,600 gallons) in Oregon (Hall). By the 1880’s, Edward and John von Pessls planted Zinfandel, Riesling, and an unkown variety of Sauvignon in southern Oregon. At the same times in the north, in Willamette Valley, Ernest Reuter has been growing Klevner wines which brought him a gold medal at St. Louis World’s Fair of 1904 (Hall). The wine industry in Oregon closed down in 1919 because of the Prohibition. It revived by the late 1930’s as a fruit wine-based producer region. At that time there were only two producers, Louis Herbold and Adolph Doener growing grapes. Oregon’s wine industry was also damaged by the success of California winemakers (Hall). The rebirth of Oregon wines dates back to 1961, when Richard Sommer founded Hill Crest Vineyard near Roseburg. Although the production was based on Riesling, he also planted some Gewurztraminer, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Sauvignon. In 1965, David Lett, the owner of Eyrie Vineyard, planted his first Pinot Noir near Convallis and after 1966, continued the production at Willamette Valley in the Dundee hills. This was the beginning of the era of Pinot Noir which Oregon is nowadays famous for (Hall). By the 1970’s many winemakers immigrated to Oregon from California. Some of them where David and Ginny Adelsheim, Dick Erath, Dick and Nancy Ponzi, Jerry and Ann Preston, Pat and Joe Campbell, Susan and Bill Sokol Blosser and Myron Redford. However, David Lett was the one who placed Oregon on the world’s wine map. In 1980, 1975 Eyrie Vineyard’s South Block Reserve Pinot Noir came second in the grand tasting of wines sponsored by the French Gault Millau guide and this called the attention of press to Oregon as a wine producer state (Hall). In 1990, Oregon was hosted to 70 wineries and 320 growers in 5,682 acres vineyard. In the early 1990s, Oregon wine industry got into the danger of Phylloxera infestation which was prevented quickly by the use of resistant rootstocks. Some beneficial laws for winemakers were enacted by the Oregon Legislature in 1995. For instance, direct in-state shipment from wineries to customers and in-store tasting were legalized (Chemeketa Community College). In 2000, the number of wineries had increased to 135 and 500 growers had been engaged in grapery in 10,500 acres vineyard. In the 2000’s producers have began giving importance to â€Å"green† wine production in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). An Oregon non-profit organization, Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. , has been certifying wineries for meeting certain environmental standards (Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. ) In 2005, there were 314 wineries and 519 vineyards in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). Grape Varietals Grown in Oregon Red Wine Varieties| White Grape Varieties| Baco Noir| Chardonnay| Barbera| Chenin Blanc| Black Muscat| Early Muscat| Cabarnet Franc| Gewurtztraminer| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Huxelrebe| Carmine| Melon| Dolcetto| Muller Thrugau| Gamay Noir| Muscat Canelli| Grenache| Pinot Blanc|. Leon Millot| Pinot Gris| Malbec| Riesling| Marechal Foch| Sauvignon Blanc| Merlot| Scheurebe| Petit Verdot| Semillon| Pinot Meunier| Viognier| Pinor Noir| | Sangiovese| | Syrah| | Zinfandel| | (Bernard’s Wine Gallery) Types of Wine Produced in Oregon In Oregon, wine production is mostly based on Pinot Noir and the state is one of the first Pinot-producing regions in the world. Apart from the list below indicating the wine varieties, the state also produces sparkling wine, late harvest wine, ice wine, and dessert wine (Hall). Red Wine Varieties| White Wine Varieties|. Produced in great amount| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Gewurtztraminer| Pinot Noir| Muller Thurgau| Syrah| Pinot Blanc| | Sauvignon Blanc| | Semillon| Produced in smaller amount| Baco Noir| Arneis| Cabarnet Franc| Chenin Blanc| Dolcetto| Viognier| Gamay Noir| | Grenache| | Marechal Foch| | Malbec| | Muscat| | Nebbiolo| | Petit Syrah| | Sangiovese| | Tempranillo| | Zinfandel| | Viticultural Area of Oregon Willamette Valley â€Å"Willamette Valley is the largest AVA of Oregon, running from the Columbia River in Portland south through Salem to the Calapooya Mountains outside Eugene†. The valley is 150 miles long and almost 60 miles wide (Oregon Wine Board). In the valley, summers are generally warm and arid and the winters are cool and rainy. It is ideal for cool climate grapes due to its temperate climate and coastal marine influences. During the growing season, the valley has more daylight hours than other areas of Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). â€Å"The Willamette Valley is an old volcanic and sedimentary seabed that has been overlaid with gravel, silt, rock and boulders brought by the Missoula Floods from Montana and Washington between thousands of years ago. Red Jory soil is the most common volcanic type in the region and provides excellent drainage for superior quality wine grapes. † (Oregon Wine Board) â€Å"The valley is surrounded by the Coast Range to the west, the Cascades to the east and a series of hill chains to the north† (Oregon Wine Board). The Willamette River runs through the middle of the valley. Most of the vineyards are concentrated on the west of this river, on the slopes of the Coast Range, or among the valleys and they are mostly located a few hundred feet above sea level (Oregon Wine Board). Columbia Valley Although the Columbia Valley AVA is an 11 million acre growing region, only a small section with 185 miles wide and 200 miles long lies in Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). The valley has a mostly continental high desert climate. The hot days and cool nights provide slow, even ripening and helps grapes keep their natural acidity. Annually, the area only receives 6 to 8 inches of rainfall which makes supplemental irrigation essential in the entire region (Oregon Wine Board). The area is covered with silt and sand which was deposited about 15,000 years ago. The deposited silt and sand came to the region 15,000 years ago because of a series of massive ice age floods and wind-blown loess sediment. Today the region is mostly covered by loess (fine grained calcerous silt) which is well drained and ideal for grapevines (Oregon Wine Board). The Columbia Valley mostly lies on the Columbia River Plateau. The valley is bordered by the mountain ranges on the west and north, by the Columbia River on the south and by the Snake River near Idaho on the east (Oregon Wine Board). Walla Walla Valley. As a sub-appellation of the Columbia Valley AVA, The Walla Walla Valley AVA is in the northeast of Oregon. Although most of the wineries of Walla Walla Valley are located in Washington, almost half of the vines are produced in the Oregon side (Oregon Wine Board). The region has long sunshine-filled days and cool evening temperatures. Annual rainfall is 12. 5 inches due to the Cascade Mountain Range. Therefore, irrigation is necessary for grape growing (Oregon Wine Board). The soils of the region consist of varying combinations of well-drained loam, cobbles, silt and loess (Oregon Wine Board). The valley is located at the foot of the Blue Mountains, with vineyard elevations varying from 650 to 1,500 feet. Cascade Mountain Range borders the western side of the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Umpqua Valley The Umpqua Valley AVA is surrounded by the Coast Range from the west, the Cascade Range from the east, the Willamette Valley AVA from the north and the Rogue Valley AVA from the south. The valley is 65 miles long and 25 miles wide. Umpqua River runs nearby the valley (Oregon Wine Board). There are three different climatic sub-zones in the valley. First one is the northern area around the town of Elkton which has a cool, marine-influenced climate suitable for cool-climate grape varieties. Annual rainfall is around 50 inches; therefore, the viticulturists only benefit from the rain to grow their vines. Second is the central area to the northwest of Roseburg which has an intermediate climate allowing both cool and warm varieties to grow. Last area is located on the south of Roseburg. It is suitable for warm-climate varieties, such as Tempranillo, Syrah and Merlot. This area is more arid which makes irrigation necessary (Oregon Wine Board). The Valley has diverse soils with more than 150 soil types. â€Å"The valley floor levels have mostly deep alluvial or heavy clay materials, while the hillsides and bench locations have mixed alluvial, silt or clay structures† (Oregon Wine Board). The Umpqua Valley is made up of a series of interconnecting small mountain ranges and valleys. The complex topography of the valley is a result of the collision of the Klamath Mountains, the Coast Range and the Cascades (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley The Rogue Valley AVA is located in the border of California. It is 70 miles wide by 60 miles long. Rogue Valley has the highest elevations of Oregon’s winegrowing regions on the east. However, it is also the warmest and the driest, allowing the winemakers to grow warm-weather varieties such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc. Cool-weather varieties, including Pinot noir do well here due to the mountain and ocean influences (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley has various soil types, ranging from sandy loam to hard clay (Oregon Wine Board). Vineyards are generally located 1,200 to 2,000 feet above the sea level and planted on hillsides. The Klamath Mountains, the Coastal Range and the Cascades converging in Rogue Valley lead to a diverse landscape. Besides, the namesake river and its tributaries, the Applegate, Illinois and Bear Creek Rivers run though the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Viticultural Practices in Oregon In Oregon, viticulturists mainly use vertical shoot position (VSP) training. However, combination of Scott Henry and Lyre is also used, with lesser amounts of GDC and hanging. Standard rootstocks used in Oregon are 101-14 and 3309, with a lot of 5C and SO4. Low to moderate vigor sites are being developed to keep the canopies small. Although some meter by meter plantings exist, majority of the vineyards are falling into the 8Ãâ€"4 to 9Ãâ€"5 range for quality. Creative viticultural practices are being used in Oregon, for example, â€Å"Joel Myer, a local vineyard consultant, uses a sensible linear feet of trellis formula to determine yields. He suggests that a pound of fruit per foot of trellis will give optimal fruit quality. At Bethel Heights Vineyard, Ted Casteel thins all Pinot Noir to one cluster per shoot. He is also experimenting with planting vines side by side, about a foot apart, and training to single guyot, to increase vine competition and slow vigor. He is also taking one of his most successful Pinot Noir fields on vertical shoot position (VSP) training and converting it to Scott Henry, just to see if opening the canopy will help enhance the ripening process and flavor development (Chien). † â€Å"Oregon has been committed to sustainable winegrowing and earth-friendly practices. Numerous vineyards of the state are certified sustainable, organic, or biodynamic† (Voorhees). Two main organizations that certify Oregon’s vineyards and wineries as sustainable are LIVE and OCSW. Low Input Viticulture & Enology (LIVE). LIVE is an organization that provides education and independent third-party certification approving that the vineyards and wineries use international standards of sustainable viticulture and enology practices. They have been certifying vineyards and wineries in Oregon since 1999, in Washington since 2006 and nowadays in all of the Pacific Northwest. LIVE cooperates with Salmon-Safe in order to point out the watershed impacts and administers the Carbon Reduction Challenge, an organization helping wineries achieve energy efficiencies (Voorhees). Oregon Certified Sustainable Wine (OCSW). Founded in 2008, OCSW highlights the commitment of Oregon wineries to the responsible grape growing and winemaking. The organization certifies wine growers who meet both agricultural and winemaking requirements on sustainability and provides them a certification logo to be easily recognized by customers. To meet the agricultural requirements, 97% of the grape must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance and Salmon-Safe. On the other hand, to meet the winemaking requirements, the winery must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance (Voorhees). Producers within Oregon Valley View Winery Valley View Winery, owned by Wisnovsky family, is located in the Applegate Valley AVA, Southern Oregon. Valley View was founded in 1972 and it is one of the oldest wineries in Oregon. Valley View is famous for its pioneering efforts in producing Bordeaux varieties and blends. They mainly use grapes from the Applegate and Bear Creek Valleys of Southern Oregon’s Rogue Valley and produce Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Tempranillo, Viognier, Sauvignon blanc, Rousanne, Chardonnay and Syrah (Valley View Winery). The Eyrie Vineyards. The Eyrie Vineyards was founded by David Lett in 1966. It is composed of 49 acres in several different vineyards in Dundee Hills, Oregon which is a sub-American Viticultural Area (AVA) of Willamette Valley AVA. David Lett produced the first Pinot gris in the United States and first Pinot Noir in the Willamette Valley. The Eyrie Vineyards divide their production into three as Estate Reserve wines, Estate wines, and Limited Bottlings. All grapes for their Estate Reserve wines; Pinot noir and Chardonnay, come from Eyrie’s original planting. This is the oldest plating in the Willamette Valley at 40 years. The grapes for Eyrie’s Estate wines come mostly from their three other vineyards; Stonehedge, Sisters, and Rolling Green Farm which were planted in the 1980’s. They grow Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay. Finally, their small production, limited bottling wines include Muscat Ottonel, Pinot Blanc and Pinot Meunier (The Eyrie Vineyards). Abacela Vineyard and Winery In 1992, Earl and Hilda Jones bought a 19th century homestead in southern part of the Umpqua Valley to produce Tempranillo wines which they fell in love to in Spain. In 1994 they built the winery and began planting the Tempranillos they purchased from California. They chose the Umpqua Valley because of its similar climate to the one of Spain’s Rioja and Ribera del Duero regions where Tempranillo grapes are grown. Today, in addition to the eight different Tempranillo clones at Abacela, they grow grapes and produce wine from Spain’s white variety, Albarino, as well as other Iberian varieties including Graciano, Tinta roriz and Bastardo (used in the production of port-style wines) and French varieties such as Syrah, Grenache, Cabernet sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, Petit verdot and Viognier (Wines Northwest). Bibliography â€Å"Abacela Vine & Wine Center in Oregon’s Umpqua Valley Wine Region. † Wines Northwest. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"About The Eyrie Vineyards. † The Eyrie Vineyards. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . Chien, Mark L. â€Å"The Oregon Wine Community and Its Viticulture. † Pennsylvannia Wine Grape Network. Penn State Cooperative Extension, n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Hall, Lisa Shara. â€Å"History of the Oregon Wine Industry. † History of the Oregon Wine Industry. Ed. Mitchell Beazley. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"History of Oregon Wine. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 May 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Northwest Viticultural Center: Oregon Wine Historical Milestones. † Discover Chemeketa Community College. Chemeketa.

Rhetorical analysis of Martin Luther King's letter from Birmingham Essay

Rhetorical analysis of Martin Luther King's letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay Example The success of The Letter from Birmingham Jail is underscored by it becoming a key text for the United States civil rights movement of the 1960s. A study conducted in 1999 found that the letter was highly anthologized, since it had been printed 50 times in 325 editions intended for college-level analyses, for the period between 1964 and 1996. That King thoroughly used Aristotle’s rhetorical triangle is a matter that is underscored by the whole speech being fashioned in a manner that enables one to see a triad comprising logos, ethos and pathos. As for logos, one can see that King organized his letter well, so as to give it a logical appeal. From the outset, King makes it clear that the purpose of the letter is to make the clergymen that he and his group of civil rights agitators demonstrated because it was absolutely inevitable and expedient at the time. To this end, King uses persuasive and condemnatory tones, as a way of convincing readers to agree with him. King also shows thorough use of logos in order to sustain his argument against the clergymen, in order to establish and support the fact King and civil rights agitators had no recourse to prepare for direct action. There are logical examples that King adduces to this end. Another way by which King uses logos is by appealing to authority. In this case, King quotes Thomas Jefferson. According to Bostdorff, The authority of Thomas Jefferson would compel King’s addressees to listen to him since Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the United States, the author of the US Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States. It is for this reason that King quotes Jefferson statement that, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, having been endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, [and] that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† This is an appeal to authority by

Feuerbach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Feuerbach - Essay Example In this era, many people had already said popular words, thoughts and quotes which could influence and flare up the interests and emotions of mankind. Such sayings could either influence man for the better or for the worst. The quotes written above where the words spoken by the famous German philosopher and anthropologist, Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach, of whom, as a child was very religious, but while attending the Gymnasium in Ansbach, he was introduced by his tutor to the speculative Christian theology propounded by the Hegelian theologian Karl Daub at Heidelberg University. (Harvey) Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach, was born in Landshut, Bavaria. His family was one of the prominent people in their district. While studying at the Heidelberg University, he was greatly influenced by the Hegelian philosophy of which, George Frederick Hegel, philosopher and historian has often searched for the truth. As a philosopher of history, Hegel's concerns were primarily focused upon the finding of basic truths regarding the nature of reality. Because he seeks metaphysical "first principles" of nature, his results cannot judged through outside sources or objective facts, but only through individual reflection and inspiration. In contrast, the philosopher of history is expected to rely almost wholly upon facts, and to avoid the contamination of "bias." (Burell) In his youth, Feuerbach was enchanted by Hegels theory and was associated with the group known as the "Young Hegelians". While studying masters in Berlin, he still was not able to reconcile in his belief of the personal deity with the pure Vernunft of Hegelian philosophy and when the Hegelian influence begins to slacken, he then later rejected Hegels philosophy of idealism. Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach completed his education at Erlangen at the Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg with the study of natural science. His first book, published anonymously, Gedanken ber Tod und Unsterblichkeit (1830), contains an attack on personal immortality and an advocacy of the Spinozistic immortality of reabsorption in nature. These principles, combined with his embarrassing manner of public speaking, debarred him from academic advancement. After some years of struggling, during which he published his Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (2 vols., 1833-1837, 2nd ed. 1844), and Abelard und Heloise (1834, 3rd ed. 1877), he married in 1837 and lived a rural existence at Bruckberg near Nuremberg, supported by his wife's share in a small porcelain factory.(Wikipedia) In his works, he had always attacked religion by saying that; "That Christianity has in fact long vanished not only from the reason but from the life of mankind, that it is nothing more than a fixed idea" His attacks to religion were then followed up by his most popular and important work written last 1841 entitled Das Wesen des Chrisantemums. It was the translated into English by George Eliot in 1853 which is now entitled "The Essence of Christianity". The Essence of Christianity was divided into two parts; Part 1: The True or Anthropological Essence of Religion and Part 2: The False Theological Essence of Religion. In the first part, Chapter 15, he speaks about the mystery

Effect of Evaluation Apprehension on Speed of Performance in a Simple Essay

Effect of Evaluation Apprehension on Speed of Performance in a Simple Manual Dexterity Task - Essay Example This report evaluates the effect that performance evaluation has on a simple manual dexterity task. Evaluation apprehension does have an impact on an individual’s performance. Participants who believe that they are being evaluated while performing a simple manual task are able to complete their tasks faster when they are in the presence of other people compared to participants who do not think that their performance is the same task is being evaluated (Ferris and Roland, 1983). There have been several studies done to evaluate if a person who perceives that he is being evaluated will perform a task any differently if he thinks that no one is evaluating him. Different theories have been formulated to explain how evaluation apprehension impacts on speed of performance in a simple dexterity task. The Evaluation Apprehension Theory, which was proposed by Cottrell in 1972 when he stated that when individuals work in the presence of other people, they normally experience a general concern about how the audience is evaluating them. He further stated that the apprehension has the ability to facilitate performance on simple, well learned tasks (Cottrell, Wack, Sekerek and Rittle, 1968). According to Cottrell, one’s performance is dependent on how well the person understands the social rewards and punishments that he might receive as a result of how other people evaluate him. This is to say that performance can be impaired or enhanced only when one performs in the presence of others who might approve or disapprove the actions involved (Geen, 1983). Cottrell says that individuals are more to experience evaluation apprehension when they are in group that is negatively stereotyped (Cottrell, Wack, Sekerek and Rittle, 1968). There are many situations that can be used as examples of how evaluation apprehension may affect the speed on performance of a simple dexterity task. One is in a class situation where

GENETICS Huntington's Disease MUST HAVE BIOLOGY BACKGROUND Essay

GENETICS Huntington's Disease MUST HAVE BIOLOGY BACKGROUND - Essay Example But as this molecular cartography advances, clinical medicine is turning topsy-turvy in its wake. Huntingtons disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. Appearing usually in the third or fourth decade of life, it can begin in early childhood or old age. A triad of disturbances is pathognomonic: uncontrolled involuntary movements usually including chorea, intellectual decline, and psychiatric disturbance, mostly depression. The disease progresses for twenty years toward an inevitably fatal outcome, and therapy is palliative at best. Families, scientists, and clinicians involved with research on or treatment of Huntingtons disease have been .aware that their development of counseling and diagnostic program using DNA markers could be as precedent-setting as the discovery of the marker itself. They have been trying to act with caution and sensitivity, at the same time making the test available. The Tests offered. Presymptomatic and prenatal testing can now be carried out with a number of different markers to enable risks to be changed from 50 percent to 96 percent or higher of being positive or negative for the gene of Huntingtons disease. Even though there has been some uncertainty as to the exact location of the gene within the most telomeric band on chromosome 4, there are sufficient markers to alter a persons risk significantly if a family is genetically informative. Initially, less than half of all families listed on the National Huntingtons Disease Roster at Indiana University had such an appropriate structure. Owing to the increased informativeness of recently developed markers, recent estimates suggest that up to 75 percent of individuals coming for testing will be found to have genetically informative families. Prenatal Diagnosis. Two types of prenatal diagnostic tests are available: 1) a non-disclosing prenatal or "exclusion test," and 2) a fully disclosing diagnostic test. In a

Answer the 2 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Answer the 2 questions - Essay Example For them Marketing is the only source through which they can reach to their potential customers. Likewise Destinations as we know have been a business for decades but since the means of transportation are way too fast and easily accessible. Going on a tour to a different country is no more a big deal. With that said, how do people know about places which are worth visiting? Again the only source is through marketing. Therefore, for marketing of this particular industry the role of DMOs is vital. DMO is the abbreviation of Destination Marketing Organization. What these Organizations do is to promote services of places which are worth visiting. Say countries, cities, towns and so on an so forth. DMOs help this industry with increasing the number of visitors. These organizations generate over billions of dollars for the tourist destinations. DMOs are known by different names such as, travel bureaux, visitors bureaux, or convention bureaux, but the main job of all of these is to market t he tourist destination. ... Natural beauty includes animals, plants, seas, rivers, caverns, landscapes, lakes, and waterfalls. Another feature a desirable tourist destination should have is artistic and architecture. It is yet another feature that is appreciated by many. This can include art museums, monuments, and galleries. Some other features that really help a tourist destination grow are, festivals and competitions, distinctive local features, ancient ruins, historical prominence, sports facilities, relaxation facilities, shopping facilities, and more importantly tourist facilities. (Hall, 2002) The characteristics of a good destination discussed above have significant value in making the brand of a company successful. People appreciate things that they can relate to. One thing that should be paid attention to is that not everything is liked by everybody. Let’s say natural beauty might be appreciated by some but some might be attracted to art musuems. So the best visiting place would that can facili tate every type of customer. therefore some of the charactristics for some might no be as appealing as some others, or vice-versa. Assessing the stages of development The visits that tourists pay to such destinations are meant to generate profit for the place being visited, basically It has become an industry itself known as tourism industry. Therefore the officials of such destinations need to have a plan and the knowledge of marketing their destination and for the further development. Basically such steps to develop and market their destination, can help boost the economy of the country, state, city and so on. In order to assess the stages of development, the study of TALC(Tourism Area Life Cycle) Butler’s lifecycle can help. Butler

The Boston Molasses Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Boston Molasses Disaster - Essay Example A lawsuit was filed against the company and a bitter legal battle ensued after the disaster. Negligence and errors in design were finally proved to be the most obvious reasons explaining the tank failure. This event raised public morale to combat high handed corporates who did not pay much attention to environmental issues and public safety. And the technical aspects of the disaster are also extremely vital. A simple and stationary storage tank had behaved in a strange manner. This signals poor understanding of chemical engineering. Designing a storage tank is not just a mechanical engineering topic. Chemistry of the material to be stored in the tank is highly important. Continual research on the Boston Molasses Disaster can help the engineering community to learn from past mistakes and understand the importance of industrial safety in the context of holistic disaster management preparedness. Background The Boston Molasses Disaster: What happened? The Center for Chemical Process Safety or CCPS has furnished a very concise but informative description of the Boston Molasses Disaster. On 15th January 1919 morning, a large storage tank in northern Boston blasted releasing tons of molasses. The steel tank was 50 ft or 15 m high. It had a diameter of 90 ft or 27 m containing nearly 2.3 million US gallons of molasses. All the rivets sealing the tank walls were spattered in the manner of machine gun firing, and chunks of steel were hurled across the area. Consequently, a wave or molasses rising above 15 ft or 5m began to surge ahead from the site of the blast. The wave had a speed of about 60 km/hr and traveled across two bocks of the Boston city with great momentum. Consequently, 21 people were killed, above 150 were injured, several buildings and vehicles were smashed, and the municipal system was completely disrupted. See Figure – 1. (CCPS 2007) Figure 1: Photographs showing the site of disaster before and after the molasses tank failure took place. Source: CCPS (2007) 1.1.2 The technology/engineering involved The CCPS (2007) has utilized a sound technical a pproach to describe the disaster. This approach is contextual with relation to both the old and new paradigms of engineering. The old paradigm of early 20th century engineering technology was devoid of facilities like computer aided design (CAD), industrial control systems, etc. The new paradigm is modern 21st century engineering which has power of new discoveries and superior computing efficacy. In sum,

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example Methods used to achieve this are development and research theory. Disciplinary power is extremely influential and power full; it is used in influencing groups and individuals to produce an effect of their habits, conduct and attitude. Large percentage of nurse’s focus on holistic models of nursing which are centered on health experience and challenges, professional and cultural life comprises of cluster of symbolic practices (Rogers, 67). In order to promote evidence based practices, they have to attempt to change nursing culture. This is necessary for revitalization. It needs to take account of factors such as; locus of power and decision making. Nursing culture is expected to exhibit outcomes and behaviors of reflection within their day-to-day practices. Through critical reflection, they are able to examine the historical and developmental circumstances which help in shaping the nursing culture. Knowledge and understanding the community is vital in improvement of educational and quality health care. Having complete knowledge about a community will also help in eradicating of diseases that may attack residents in a community. Over the past years, community health workers have been offering door to door medical services; this is to prevent the spread of diseases and also addressing issues concerning a healthy living (Mat lack, 89). Community health practices are the activities that help in improvement of health status, prevention of epidemic diseases such as chorea, tuberculosis is and many other chronic ailments. Influencing public health policy can be done by community campaigns’; this is to educate different communities on who to live a healthy life and more on how to deal with diseases which cause epidemics. Illiteracy in some communities affects the public health policy; it is the main cause of spread of some chronic diseases. In some communities may be having

U.S. History (1865 - 1945) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. History (1865 - 1945) - Essay Example The history of the U.S is outlined by a number of events. The period between 1861 to 1865 was characterised by the American Civil War that clearly had a huge impact on the country, not just during the four years of the war, but after the war period as well.This is evident in the aftermath , between the years 1865 to 1945, to be precise.One of the biggest events that occurred during this period and that had a huge impact on the economy of the nation, and subsequently the world, was the Second Industrial Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution took place between 1870 and 1914. This was before the initiation of the First World War.The Industrial Revolution truly revolutionized work culture and the very formulation and assimilation of industries. It led to globalised effects and impacted the whole world in terms of conditions and mode of work. The enhancement and growth of communication channels, the spreading of production and consumption across the world and the changing lifestyle s due to the influence and merging of cultures became the order of the day. "Despite America's natural wealth, the Industrial Revolution did not originate in the United States. The first technological breakthroughs occurred in Britain."[ 'The Industrial Revolution in America: A Primary Source History of America's Transformation Into an Industrial Society', Corona Brezina] It is impossible to talk about the Second Industrial Revolution, without taking into account the First Industrial Revolution. The first industrial revolution was brought about when the entire mode of work was revolutionized, with workers shifting massively from the agricultural fields to hard-core machine-equipped industrial units. This led to the dwindling of the agriculture and farming sector and machinery came to occupy an important position in man's life. The Second Industrial Revolution came about, when people started concentrating more on the services, rather than manufacturing per se. The invention of electricity, the growth of railways, and other such details. This period was marked by a change in the set-up of organisations and workplaces, that became quite different. This paradigm shift changed the equations once again and set the pace for a totally different kind of work system and environment. The rise of white-collar jobs and professionals and the catering to demand as per the demands of a country's economic disposition was seen. In addition to this, there was a general form of unemployment, with urban industrial workers taking the main seat. The organisations came to be characterised by a strong working class. For instance, the growth of labour unions and the laying down fo strong principles on the conditions of work, the voicing of opinions and the unification of the working class was commonly seen. Developments in the chemical, electrical and steel industries took place. Mass production was a main feature, leading to growing consumerism. Besides this, the advent of the era of cinema brought along entertainment and revolutionized employment. Increase in production led to greater importance being given to workers, who were by now, organized groups of people, with the desire to get their contribution acknowledged. Thus, evidently, the socio-economic effects were many. "New opportunities and evolving attitudes on the part of the growing manufacturing class, plus the excitement surrounding technological change and the resultant

DID diagnosis Essay Example for Free

DID diagnosis Essay They are â€Å"strangers to themselves. † Perhaps that is the most simplistic yet most accurate description of people suffering from a dissociative disorder. Their whole life can feel like one big dream, but the worst part is that it isn’t even their dream—it’s someone else’s. Everything seems to operate in slow motion, the outside world seems like an eternally ungraspable perception, and they feel like nothing more than a perception†¦. nothing more than a mere fleeting thought. This sort of depersonalization is the key characteristic of Dissociative Identity Disorder, separating it from the amnesias and the fugues (Sidran Foundation, 2003). And this disorder appears to be what Aaron will use as a defense for his murder trial in the movie Primal Fear. Aaron certainly displays the classic symptoms of this Axis I diagnosis. When the psychologist is speaking to him, he stutters and twitches (an Axis III physical characteristic) (Brown Barlow, 2001) and generally seems very incapable of establishing a connection with his surroundings. It is as if he is in a perpetual fog, waiting for any reason to run screaming into the protective mist. That flight appears to happen briefly when the lady recording the session starts fiddling with her camera. Then, Aaron’s polite â€Å"Aw, shucks† demeanor abruptly transforms into a fleeting moment of exasperated cursing—almost as if, for that brief moment, he was a different person. The change seems to go unnoticed for a while, until an intense argument with his lawyer reveals the truth about Aaron. In all of his previous interviews, the young murder suspect has displayed other key physical, Axis III symptoms that should have indicated all was not right (Dissociative disorders, 2005). He reported feelings of overwhelming exhaustion, claimed he did not remember the time surrounding the archbishop’s death (blackouts which, he claimed, had been experienced since the age of twelve), and often grabbed his head as if it were about to explode. Once Aaron’s lawyer starts to scream at him and demand the truth, Aaron jumps up and starts banging his head against the wall, in an effort to murder the pain in his head. Instead, that simple headache explodes into a sneering, cursing, chair-kicking, lawyer-slapping, sarcastic, non-stuttering, confident, and angry young man who calls himself â€Å"Roy. † His whole demeanor has changed. The key criterion of a DID diagnosis, the â€Å"alter† (a distinct state of consciousness that assumes control repeatedly) (Sidran Foundation, 2003) has been introduced with dramatic flair. Roy is someone who seems to be a living personification of Aaron’s missing confidence and aggressiveness. As his shocked lawyer looks on, Roy claims responsibility for the murder, boldly proclaiming how Aaron had run to him for help because he was not strong enough to handle things himself. Since Aaron’s apparent Axis I disorder has such a strong impact on his personality and development, any Axis II diagnosis should be deferred until Aaron has completed treatment and confronted his â€Å"other self. † But what lies at the root of this contentious new force? Aaron’s entire early socio-cultural experiences were molded in fear and terror. Patients with DID more often than not have the prolonged agony of severe childhood abuse to overcome (Chaves, Kirsch, Lynn, Lilienfield, Powell, Sarbin, 2007), and Aaron is no exception. The prisoner, in an early interview, briefly mentions his father, who was â€Å"not a nice man. † He also gets very uncomfortable when the subject of sex with his girlfriend is broached. These incidents point to possible sexual abuse (incest is a common precursor to DID) by the father. In response to the extreme physical and emotional pain accompanying their abuse, and more importantly to the overwhelming shame associated with keeping the secret, highly creative individuals may adapt their rich fantasy life as a lifeline (such a coping mechanism may be more prevalent in an individualistic Western society which encourages open and innovative expression). They can be their own hypnotist (Brown Barlow, 2001). In Aaron’s case, his somewhat restrictive religious upbringing (serving as an altar boy) could have contributed to his repressive tendencies in dealing with his traumas. Since Aaron’s blackouts began around the age of twelve, this is probably the time when Roy made his first appearance as a protector to Aaron. The â€Å"protective† alters are usually aware of their role, while the â€Å"host† remains trapped in the unconscious world of â€Å"not knowing. † After the early childhood onset, the alters usually reappear when certain new life experiences provide triggers or cues (Chaves et al, 2007). For Aaron, the alleged pornography he was forced to engage in with his girlfriend for the priest brought out Roy in full-force. The repressed anger he felt for this authority figure in his life, who had betrayed his trust, just as his father likely had, became a brutal realization in Roy’s fierce murderous impulses. In the interviews, the camera the psychologist used probably accounted for Roy’s brief appearance, as it was a reminder of the pornography. And the lawyer’s abusive language and actions brought him out, guns-blazing, for the final truth. This volatility and instability—characteristic of many DID patients—often places them on the lowest ends of the global functioning scale. In Aaron’s case, his doctors have obviously agreed, as all of his encounters take place in the controlled atmosphere of a prison setting. However, I would advise those doctors to take a closer look at Aaron. Something seems amiss. Perhaps they could utilize some of those personality, GSR, and neurophysiological tests that have proven so effective in spotting â€Å"fakers† (Cherry, 2008). Maybe they should check â€Å"Aaron†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s room for any possible extracurricular reading†¦. or should I say Roy’s room? By trial’s conclusion, the acquitted young man coldly and even joyfully informs his swindled lawyer that he has performed the ultimate con, and the film concludes with Roy taunting and boasting about his victory in fooling everyone. The audience learns that â€Å"Aaron† is likely the real illusion, and this revelation makes the character amoral and devoid of any rooting value. Dissociative Identity Disorder remains one of the most enduring controversies within the psychiatric community. In spite of the documented cases and the current DSM recognition, many educated scholars still maintain that the disorder is a popular myth, brought about by socio-cultural factors of role-playing and a thirst for sensationalism (Chaves et al, 2007). Skeptics might use cases such as that of Hillside Strangler Kenneth Bianchi as an example. This convicted multiple murderer tried to blame his crimes on a killer alternate personality. He was soon found to be faking, an assumption solidified by the discovery of various psychology books in his jail cell (Cherry, 2008). Individuals such as the real Bianchi and the fictional Aaron set the psychiatric community’s standing and progress back decades, but such individuals likely would not care in the slightest, as their true diagnosis is decidedly â€Å"antisocial†: failure to follow social norms, deceitfulness, lack of remorse, recklessness, danger to others (Brown Barlow, 2001)†¦. Or, in the words of an 1885 physician, whose patient sounds eerily familiar: (Having) no capacity for true moral feeling all his impulses and desires, to which he yields without check, are egoistic, his conduct appears to be governed by immoral motives, which are cherished and obeyed without any evident desire to resist them. (Vaknin, 2009) Perhaps that Axis II diagnosis should not be deferred after all†¦. References Brown, T. A. Barlow, D. H. (2001). Dissociative Identity Disorder. Casebook in Abnormal Psychology (2nd ed. ). Pacific Grove: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. Chaves, J. F. , Ganaway, G. K. , Kirsch I. , Lynn, S. J. , Lilienfeld, S. O. , Powell, R. A. Sarbin, T. R. (2007). Dissociative Identity Disorder and the socio-cognitive model: Recalling the lessons of the past. † Psychological Bulletin 125(5), 507-523. Cherry, A. A. (2008). Multiple personality disorder: fact or fiction? Retrieved February 23, 2009, from Personality Research: http://www. personalityresearch. org/papers/cherry2. html Dissociative disorders. (2005). The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Rahway: Merck Publishing Group. Sidran Foundation. (2003). Dissociative disorders. Towson: Sidran Institute. Vaknin, S. (2009). The history of personality disorders. Retrieved February 23, 2009, from Mental Health Matters: http://www. mental-health-matters. com/index. php? option=com_ contentview=articleid=1087

Bio Mechanical Analysis Of The Golf Swing Physical Education Essay

Bio Mechanical Analysis Of The Golf Swing Physical Education Essay Since hitting of the ball may be repeated an average of 50 times during an 18-hole course, or 300 times or more during a practice session by a professional, it is easy to understand that, for both professional and recreational players, injuries can occur either through overuse or bad technique through actions causing severe trauma (Kohn 1996). McCaroll (1990) found that professionals injured their self less frequently than that of amateurs, and that the causes of injury were due to poor swing mechanics. Injuries to these musculoskeletal structures are caused either by overload of tension, twisting of the tissues or the strain of the physical impact of hitting the ball (Stover 1976). The aim of this essay is to review and analyse the golf swing biomechanically to identify the correct technique to help prevent common golfing injuries. The golf swing will be broken down in to 6 phases; ball address, end of backswing, forward swing/acceleration, ball impact, early follow through, and late follow through. For each of these 6 phases the human body undergoes biomechanical stresses likely to provoke injuries, these injuries and their prevention will be discussed during each phase. Phase 1 and 2 Ball Address and End of Back Swing There are several factors to consider during the ball address to ensure an effective technique for force production and injury prevention. Bad posture can cause skeletal and joint misalignment, which will affect the pattern of stress imposed on tissue and the area of force distribution (McGinnis 1999). Therefore if the players posture is less then optimal they begin and end movement in an aberrant position and as a result the chances of accelerating joint wear are increased. The attainment of the optimal pre-stroke posture is achieved through a good starting position i.e. even weight distribution on both feet with a shoulder width stance. This will ensure a significant base of support that will promote stability and equilibrium to the golfer as the centre of gravity moves throughout the shot. Therefore allowing maximal potential kinetic energy to be generated through the club. If the stance is too wide truck rotation will be reduced placing greater strain on the spine, causing injury. Alternatively, if the feet are too narrow, reducing the base of support, it could lead the golfer to lose control of the swing due to a decrease in stability. To help prevent injuries to lower back during the entire swing it is essential to have good core stability. (Wilson 2005 p. 316) describes the core as  the ability of the lumbo-pelvic hip complex to prevent buckling of the vertebral column and return it to equilibrium following perturbation. As a result, core stabi lity is essential to help stabilise the body which in effect will help to support the antagonist of the abdominal, therefore preventing injury to the lower back. As joint mechanics are less than ideal with poor posture, joints will not effectively move around a central axis, therefore preventing angular motion. With poor posture, the stabilising muscles of the body (those that help maintain joint axis rotation), become long and weak. In opposition, the movement muscles of the body become overused, short and tight. A continuation of this cycle leads to further imbalance, increasing the chances of injury (Chek 1998). Once good posture is achieved there should be slight anterior flexion of the trunk at the hips and the shoulders, knees and feet must be aligned. The back must be kept straight while keeping the vertebral column perpendicular to the ground in the frontal plane (although the upper body of the player remains leaning forward towards the ball to allow a lower centre of gravit y to optimise equilibrium throughout the swing). If your centre of gravity is not distributed evenly when you take your setup due to a postural fault or incorrect stance the  centre of gravity may be too far back, which in effect will cause the legs to move before the backswing is complete. Consequently power is supplied by the arms and shoulders only, which again creates excessive force through the shoulder and elbow. In the second phase, the backswing, a simultaneous rotation to the right side around the spinal vertical axis of the knees, hips and upper limbs is executed. This raises the club to its highest point in order to obtain the widest possible arc of motion (Adlington 1996) Injuries related with the address and backswing of the golf swing are: Frontal flexion at the dorsolumbar spine rather than at the hips increases the possibility of vertebral hypermobility and unbalanced muscular stress during the backswing (Hosea 1996) Overextended, straight arms (especially the left) or hyperextend elbows and abnormally high muscular tension in the forearms (too tight a grip) reduces the effectiveness in creating speed in the downswing and can induce elbow and wrist injuries at ball impact (Gosheger 2003) A grip without interlocking hands or too loose a grip increases the danger of dropping the club causing a loss of accuracy on ball impact and injury of the elbow, wrist or hand through ground impact. An excessively long backswing may cause trunk over-rotation injury or throw the golfer off balance leading to ground collision injuries. Excess backswing also increases tension in the left thumb and right wrist. Excess arm/shoulder elevation on the backswing, with the left arm abducting the left shoulder, impinges on the subacromial tissues (tendons, bursa) and requires good stabilisation from the rotator cuff muscles. If the bursa continues to be impinged this could lead to the bursa becoming inflamed causing bursitis.( Jobe 1996) Leftward spinal lean, instead of being parallel to the ground, during the rightward weight shift increases the possibility of a conflicting spinal curve posture at the end of the follow through. The rightward weight shift abnormally collected on the outside of the right foot can cause a loss of equilibrium and right ankle sprain.( McCarroll 1990) Phase 3 and 4 Forward Swing/Acceleration and Ball Impact The third phase of the golf swing is characterised by the activation of an anatomical multi lever system which gives the club a downswing in a rotational, angular trajectory and a maximum speed. A lever system is rigid or semi-rigid object that is capable of rotating around a fulcrum (McLeste 2008). In a golf swing a third class lever is present and consists of the golf club and the golfers arm. Levers increase speed and power, therefore maintaining a longer lever will increase power production. If the lever is shortened due to flexing the elbow on impact it will take a greater force to obtain the same power. Therefore excessive force will be transferred into the elbow. If the fulcrum is so far off-set away from centre, a lot of muscular effort must go into the grip of the club at one end in order to move the club head at the other. These levers are activated in sequence from the ground level upwards; from the feet to the wrists. Prior to the completion of the backswing, good golfers are gathering kinetic energy from the ground upwards in preparation for the downswing. As the feet push into the ground forces are generated and then transferred back into the body, in turn accelerating firstly through the hips, shoulders, arms and then club head. This is an effective use of the kinetic chain by generating forces from the bottom up which will allow for an efficient smooth motion. If the kinetic chain breaks down due to inconsistency in the swing technique this could lead to injuries as the force is not being controlled and distributed evenly through the body. The risks for injuries in the downswing and ball impact occur in the zones of greatest muscular activity. There is also risk for injury to the elbows, wrists and hands if any of these 3 structures is held too stiff. (Kohn 1996) Injuries related with the down swing and ball impact of the golf swing are: Thoracic and abdominal muscular strains may arise after forceful upper body rotation on the downswing. (Stover 1976) The leftward weight shift can create considerable compressive forces on the left leg (hip, knee, ankle and foot) which are hazardous to individuals with osteoarthritis. (Hahn 1991) Lateral or medial epicondylitis (golfers elbow) can be sustained at impact if the grip is too tight or the elbows are held too tightly or are hyper extended. Grips size is therefore important as too small a grip will make the golfer grip tightly. Clubs of proper weight, length, and grip are therefore important in significantly reducing the vigorous forces generated within the  elbow (Kocker 2000) Excessive wrist flexion/extension in the downswing, or hitting the ground after losing equilibrium, can cause serious hand and wrist injuries. (Murray Cooney 1996). Phase 5 and 6 Follow Through and Late Follow Through The follow through is essentially the deceleration of the body after contact with the ball has been made. Deceleration by the body occurs as a result of the absorption of energy back up through the kinetic chain of the body. The danger for injuries to the lumbar dorsal zone arises if the deceleration stops too abruptly or if the final range of motion of spinal rotation is too prominent (Parnianpour 1988). Posterior shoulder injuries are most likely during the follow through due to the high inertia and large acceleration (Atwater 1979). At the very top of the follow through, the spine is rotated to the left, and the hips are fully facing the target which enlists the help of the abdominal muscles to support the spine, while the wrist joints abduct working the wrist extensors to drop the club behind the back. At impact, the body shifts back to the relatively symmetrical position for a very short time, then the centre of gravity shifts towards the target as the mass of the arms and club move in that direction. To golfer must dissertate and control this energy if he intends to remain on his feet. Research by Fleisig (1995) indicated that at impact the left foot (right-handed golfer) is supporting 80% to 95% of the golfers weight, therefore concluding it is essential for golfers to wear spikes to help control this energy. Gatt (1998) supports this theory stating they provide additional traction, allowing the forces generated by the lower body to be transferred into the club. Injuries associated with the early and late follow through are: Shoulder ligaments and rotator cuff muscles can experience excessive mechanical stress (tension or compression) in a forceful follow through (Hovis 2002) Injury to the hips or dorsolumbar spine may arise due to the deceleration of the follow through is too rapid (Parnianpour 1988) An excessively forceful drive, inducing a reversed C lordotic spinal curvature, may induce unusual high stresses on the dorso-lumbar vertebral bodies, in particular on the posterior joints (Batt 1993) An off-balance weight transfer or slide can cause an ankle or foot sprain as well as knee injury Injury Prevention Flexible muscles and tendons are extremely important in the prevention of most strain or sprain injuries. It is important to have a significant amount of muscular strength and muscle endurance as this will affect the magnitude of the loading and shock absorption on the body. Joint flexibility will affect the load pattern of segments (McGinnis1999).When muscles and tendons are flexible and supple, they are able to move and perform without being over stretched. If, however, muscles and tendons are tight and stiff, it is quite easy for those muscles and tendons to be pushed beyond their natural range of movement and therefore this will increase the risk of injury. When this happens, strains, sprains, and pulled muscles occur. In addition for the need for flexibility the following strategies aid to prevent golfing injuries: Dorsolumbar spine Injuries sprain, muscular strain, herniated disc and arthrosis (Hosea1996). Preventive techniques Straight back posture, maintaining joint alignment and weight transfer during the golf swing Speed control during trunk rotation (i.e. use of the kinetic chain) Reduction of the shoulder range of motion and trunk Effective use of angular motion Dorsolumbar conditioning through flexibility and muscular strengthening exercises Elbow, wrist and hand Injuries Epicondylitis (Golfers Elbow), chronic sprain, tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and fracture (Murry Cooney 1996) Preventive techniques Reduction of wrist flexor/extensor (grip) tension and loosening of elbows Reduction of excessive wrist motion Maintaining good balance during weight transfer Wrist and finger flexor/extensor conditioning for flexibility and strength Use of a counter-shock brace, a more flexible, lighter golf club (graphite) or club counter-shock device (Metz 1999) Shoulder Injuries Tendinitis, bursitis, glenohumeral instability, sprain (Jobe 1996) Preventive techniques Reduction of the angular shoulder displacement at backswing Control of excessive arm motion at follow through Conditioning exercises for flexibility (posterior capsule) and rotator cuff strengthening to help stabilise the shoulder joint (Hovis 2002) Conclusion In conclusion restrictions in the body in terms of flexibility, muscular strength, endurance, or power can create boundaries in the swing from a biomechanical viewpoint. In addition, biomechanical defects in the swing itself limit the potential and kinetic energy outputs of the body. Injuries to the upper limb account for the majority of golf-related injuries. Most injuries occur as the club impacts the ball and are muscle-related due to the high forces and strain applied during the downswing. An understanding of how the body moves biomechanically to harness these forces and the muscle activity achieved during the golf swing will help athletes and coaches to understand why these injuries occur and the ways to prevent them in the future.

The Mass In A Catholic Church Begins Religion Essay

The Mass In A Catholic Church Begins Religion Essay The Liturgy of the Word is then said. This includes the Gloria, which is a prayer of worship, thanks and praise. An Alleluia verse is sung and readings are then read from the Bible. The purpose of this is to remind people of Gods promise to save his people, to provide food for the spiritual life of Gods people, and ,according to the Catechism, Jesus is present in his word since it is he himself who speaks when the holy Scriptures are read in the Church. (Catechism Para 1088). The readings are arranged in yearly cycles so that a great proportion of the Bible is read, and all the four gospels are read throughout the year. The priest may then say a homily, which explains the meaning of the passage read and how we should reflect on it. The Creed is then said. The creed is either the Nicene Creed, which was agreed at the Council of Nicaea, or the Apostles Creed. The creeds are basically a summary of the main core beliefs of Christianity. This includes beliefs on God- The Father, Jesus Christ- The Son of God, the Holy Spirit, and the Church. The prayers of the Faithful are said, also known as the Bidding Prayers. These are a series of 5 prayers that ask for Gods help with issues important to the community, such as peace for the world, or the sick of the Parish. The offertory then occurs. This is a procession of the bread, wine and other things like money are brought through the congregation to the priest, who then blesses them by holding his hands over the offerings, which symbolises the Holy Spirit coming down on them. Other priests celebrating the Mass in the congregation may also hold their hands out, inviting the Holy Spirit to come down on the blessed items. The congregation then prays that their sacrifice may be acceptable to God. The Liturgy of the Eucharist is the next most important part of the Mass. The word Eucharistic means thanksgiving and the Catechism express the belief that the sacrifice of the Eucharist and the sacrifice of Christ are one single sacrifice (Catechism Para 1367). Eucharistic Prayers begin with the preface, whish is an introductory prayer that generally begins: Father, all powerful and ever living God, we do well always and everywhere to give you thanks through Jesus Christ our Lordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Eucharistic prayers are different from each other, but the common acts are performed. The main part of the prayer centres on the consecration and transubstantiation, when the words of Jesus at the Last Supper are repeated: Take it; this is my bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for many. (Mark 14:22-24) The bread and wine are therefore turned into the body and blood of Christ. In the Catholic Church this is known as Transubstantiation. This is signified by the elevation, when the priest will raise the bread or wine, and the congregation bows their heads as a sign of respect. A bell may also be rung, which has roots in Latin Mass when the altar and the priest would not be seen by the congregation and, as the congregation would not usually understand the Latin spoken, the bell would be rung to tell the people which point in the Mass they were at. The priest will break some of the bread and place it in the cup of wine, which is known as the transmingling. This is followed by the acclamation when the priest and the congregation say Christ has died, Christ has risen, Christ will come again. This is followed by the memorial prayer, when God is asked to accept the sacrifice. A series of prayers about the blessing of the Church, the dead, and a prayer to honour the saints are said, as is a Eucharist prayer asking for the gift of the Holy Spirit. The final prayer is to praise God through the offering Jesus made, and this is a sole mn moment in the Mass. The priest will either say or sing Through him, with him, in him, the unity of the Holy Spirit, all glory and honour is yours Almighty Father for ever and ever. And the congregation replies Amen. Amen means I agree or I accept this The Our Father prayer, also known as the Lords Prayer is a prayer that Jesus asked his apostles to say, and is said by everyone in the mass. As everyone will be sharing the same bread, everyone in the congregation gives each other the sing of peace, which is usually a hand-shake. The people remember that Jesus was the Lamb of God, and they ask him for the forgiveness won by the sacrifice he made. The communion is the part of the Mass when everyone receives the bread or body of Christ. An individual will approach the priest, and the priest says The Body of Christ, the individual replies Amen as the bread is placed in their hands. The same happens with the blood of Christ is given, but the priest shall say Blood of Christ. There is a prayer before and after which illustrates the meaning of what is happening. The congregation is blessed, and the priest will say Go in peace to love and server the Lord. According to the Catholic Church, this is the sending for the (mission) of the faithful, so that they may fulfil Gods will in their daily lives (Catechism Para 1332), so the people are sent out to love their neighbours and to server God in everything they do. b) It is important for a Catholic to regularly attend Mass, because of the religious significance to a Catholics faith. The Catholic Church states that Jesus Christ is present at the Mass in the person of the minister and the Eucharistic species. (Catechism Para 1088). Also in Paragraph 1088, the Church state that Jesus is present in the sacrament, his Word (readings from the Bible) and when the Church prays and sings. These beliefs are crucial to the core beliefs of a Catholic, who is to love Jesus and to follow what he said; do this in remembrance of me. (Luke 22:19) If a Catholic was to not believe in the Mass and its significance, it would be tantamount to not believing in their own faith. If a Catholic attends a Mass, they are also visiting the Church. The Christian faith says that the Church is a holy place of worship but, more than that, is an important community essential for a believing Catholic. The Church is important for the Catholic; My house will be called a house of prayer (Matthew 21:13). It is important for a Catholic to pray there, as they praise God, and they are with Jesus; For where two or three come together in my name, there am I with them. (Matthew 18:20) There are many examples of Christians praying together in the Bible; They all joined together constantly in prayer, and all of this emphasizes the importance of a Catholic attending the Mass. There is extremely important significance in the Eucharist that takes place during the Mass. Catholics believe that when transubstantiation occurs, the bread and wine become the physical body and blood of Christ. The Eucharist is supposed to be a sacrifice that takes place on the altar of the Church, and this is the same occurrence of the event when Jesus was crucified, as he was sacrificed for the people as the Lamb of God. This is why the Church says in Catechism No 1367 The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice. This also means that the same event that occurred 2000 years ago is happening again and again during Mass. When Catholics receive communion, they are receiving the body and blood of Christ, and this holds huge religious meaning for that Catholic, and this can only be received at Mass, so Catholics that want to be closer to Christ are to receive this holy gift. The importance of attending a service regularly is also in the Bible; Every day they continued to meet together in the Temple Courts (Acts 2: 46). Overall, the Bible and the Catechism continue to stress the importance of attending Mass, and how it is essential to the core beliefs of a Catholic and their spiritual health. c) According to the Catechism it is extremely important to the faith of a Catholic to attend services at Church, especially the Mass. This is because of the importance of going to Church, listening to what is said, and taking part in the Eucharist, which is a core belief of Catholicism. The Catholic Church state that Jesus is Present at the sacrifice of the Mass, in the minister and the Eucharistic species, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦present in the sacrament, in his word, and when the Church prays and sings (Catechism Para 1088). The Church stresses how important it is to be close to Jesus, and how the best way to do this is to take part in the Eucharist. The Eucharist signifies Jesus sacrifice for his people, and is the most important thing to the spiritual life of Catholic. The Eucharist can not be received at home. However, if Jesus is present in the scriptures, this also means that Jesus is present while a Catholic reads passages from the Bible at home. In Matthew 18:20 it says; For where two or three come together in my name, there am I with them, and this means that even where a family says grace before there meal, Jesus is with them then, so it is not necessary to be at Church just to be with him. Jesus also said Do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the street corners to be seen by men. (Matthew 6:5), and this means that one shouldnt go to church to be seen praying, and that it is much better to pray alone, and you are praying with Jesus privately which is a very spiritual act. The Bible says; But Jesus often withdrew to lonely places and prayed. (Luke 5:16). However, the Church is where a community meets, and where that community prays together in the name of Jesus and everything the community needs. The Church is also the House of God; My House will be called a house of prayer (Matthew 21:13), and is filled with statues and other things that help a Catholic pray and remember important things that Jesus said. However, God is also said to be everywhere, so he is at home when a Catholic prays. It is also just as possible to keep the Sabbath day holy at home, as at Church. The Church teaches that it is important for a Catholic to attend services, especially Mass, to be a true believer in Christ, as the Catholic must receive the body and blood of Christ, and to come together as a community with Gods people. However, it is just as important for a Catholic to pray in their daily lives and on their own, as Jesus did, so the Catholic must keep a balance between the two. Ultimately private prayer and attending Church services are both important for Christians, however at the end of Mass, the priest says; Go in peace to love and serve the Lord, therefore faith without deeds is not real faith. Receiving Christ in the Eucharist should be like spiritual food and affect the Christian positively in their endeavours to live a good Christian life. Bibliography for Coursework Catechism paragraphs 1088, 1367, 1332, The Bible Matthew 18:20 Mark 14:22-24 Luke 22:19 Matthew 21:13 Acts 2: 46 Matthew 6:5 Luke 5:16 Sister Anne Burke SND Dimensions of Christianity, 1988, Kevin Mayhew

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - The Strong Wife of Bath

The Strong Wife of Bath       Alison of Bath as a battered wife may seem all wrong, but her fifth husband, Jankyn, did torment her and knock her down, if not out, deafening her somewhat in the process. Nevertheless, the Wife of Bath got the upper hand in this marriage as she had done in the other four and as she would probably do in the sixth, which she declared herself ready to welcome. Alison certainly ranks high among women able to gain control over their mates.    The Wife of Bath's personality, philosophy of sexuality, and attitude toward sovereignty in marriage obviously are offered as comedy. When Chaucer's short poem addressed to Bukton, who is about to marry, recommends that he read the Wife of Bath regarding "The sorwe and wo that is in mariage" (ed. Benson, p. 655), he has to mean the domination, real or attempted, or the nagging, of the husband by the wife, that is sure to follow his wedding. Why else recommend the Wife of Bath for the edification of a bridegroom-to-be? And how could such an admonition be meant as anything but jest?    The Bukton piece leaves Chaucer's present-day audience wondering whether he and Philippa, married in 1366, had lived happily ever after. Unfortunately, the Chaucer Life-Records tell us nothing personal such as this. As for Chaucer himself, although he uses the autobiographical first person pronoun, his allusions to domineering and/or nagging wives are presented through the voices of his persona and of the pilgrim narrators of the Canterbury Tales, of whom the persona is one, all as likely to be fiction as to be fact. Chaucer remains inscrutable regarding his own marriage.    What, then, are we to make of the Bukton piece; of Alison of Bath and her anti-Pauline vi... ...st wife in the world. One would expect the married men hearing this to chuckle. But, needless to say, Chaucer's audience included women as well. In that day, when all marriage was Pauline at least in theory, and permanent sacramentally as well as legally, both "archwives" and "sklendre" had promised to obey. Women could join the laughter at this old chestnut because the shrew was some other woman. Of course good Christian wives never nagged their husbands.    Works Cited Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Riverside Chaucer. Ed. Larry D. Benson. 3rd edn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Crow, Martin M., and Clair C. Olson, eds. Chaucer Life-Records. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1966. Skeat, Walter W., ed. Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. 2nd ed. 6 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1899; rpt. 1972. Woolf, Rosemary. The English Mystery Plays. Berkeley: U of California P, 1972.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

In the two stories, Jane Eyre and The Yellow Wallpaper, the main characters are faced with various encounters with authority. Jane and the Narrator are the central characters that are faced with these authority figures, and an external as well as an internal relationship is developed with the figures that have power over them. These two women also display a unique use of authority to benefit themselves at various points in the stories. Jane and the Narrator are first alike in the way that they outwardly express their feelings about the situations they are in by the use of actions and words. This open, verbal communication with these figures in their lives is a common trait between them, but what differs is that Jane's communication is positive (she gets her feelings in the open and is understood) and the Narrator never gets listened to. The second similarity between Jane and the Narrator is the inner attitude that they feel about the figures of authority. This attitude is present in both characters as the reader sees their inner thoughts and feelings as well as the words and actions that take place when the authority figures are not around. The last criterion that is common to both Jane and the Narrator is that each woman gains a power of authority near the end of their story. What differs between the two is how they go about possessing the authority, and how they use it when they finally have it. The end result is made up of similarities between the two women's characteristics, but differences in the way that they use those characteristics in their lives. The novel Jane Eyre is about a young girl who goes through her life struggling with various life issues. Jane encounters people that treat her with little respect, the feeling of being trapped in situations that she is not happy in, and learning how to grow up as a poor girl who has to make all of her own decisions without any help.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A significant starting point in the novel Jane Eyre is at her arrival at Thornfield, and her meeting with Mr. Rochester. At that estate Jane is employed as the governess of a small child named Adele. At this point in Jane’s life, she is learning what it is like to be a paid subordinate under a master. This proves to be a good learning experience for Jane, and as the character of Rochester goes on to shape her life as she stays there, Jane learns and grows along with her feelings.

The Mirroring Lives of a Jamaican and a Rastafarian Essay -- essays pa

The Mirroring Lives of a Jamaican and a Rastafarian Introduction This paper is a series of two interviews that I had over the course of the semester. I used both of the interviews as a series of research. I then used this research and supported it with published work. The first interview occurred when I was in Jamaica. I randomly crossed paths with Peter. He informed my friends and I that he was a Rastafarian. We spoke with him for about two hours on the beach. He informed us about his religion and his lifestyle. Unaware at the time that I would use this knowledge in my paper I am pleasantly surprised that I was able to transgress this information. The second interview was with Marie Debal. She is one of my sister’s clients. Upon informing my sister about this class and the paper that was due she suggested that I speak with Marie to get information. Marie was the perfect contrast to Peter. She grew up on the island and was raised as a Jamaican woman. Her family traveled a lot with in the island so Marie was very informative about her home land. She came to the United States for college and then stayed to work in New York City working for the Jamaican tourist board. From the interesting aspects that Peter had spoken about I decided to get Marie’s opinion on some of the same topics. I thought these two people would create an interesting contrast to my paper. Today they both live two very different lives but they share very similar backgrounds. Interviewee A background: Name: Peter Age: 30 Home: Jamaica Blue Mountains Occupation: Rastafarian Marital status: none and lives alone Education: self educated by other Rastafarians with in his village Interviewee B background: Name: Marie Debal Age... ...that each of them transgressed into my understanding makes me feel privilege to have even spoken with them. Bibliography Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter, Reggae: The Rough Guide New York: Penguin, 1997. Pinkey, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/univer Barrett, Leonard, The Rastafarians Boston: Beacon, 1997. Manely, Michael, The Politics of Change New York: Natural History Press, 1992. Ie: Garvey,1 Kerr, Madeline, Personality and Conflict in Jamaica London: Collins Pub, 1961. Charlie, Susan, Tourism Continues in Jamaica Newsweek, 1997. Zips, Robert, Rastafari New York: Natural History Press, 1993. Winston, Phillip "Revitalization Movements" London: Associated Press, 1995. Cashmore, Ernest, Rastaman: The Rastafarian Movement in England London, Penguin, 1996. Brown, Samuel E., "The Truth About Rastafarians," The Liberator, vol. 3, no.9 Kingston, 1963.

Destin Brass Products Co. Case Study

Destin Brass Products Co. has been established and grown to bring forth valves ( 24 % of the company gross ) , pumps ( 55 % of the company gross ) , and flow accountants ( 21 % of the company gross ) . This paper will exemplify the recommended solutions for the direction of the company that are seeking to measure the competitory tendencies of the market for the mentioned merchandises, and seeking to get down new schemes to cover with these tendencies. Finance and accounting, as mentioned by Ambler ( 2008 ) are the necessities and footing to the short and long being of any type of companies. The high fight of market requires that all types of concerns have a comprehensive apprehension to the costs and net incomes in much item in order to ease determination doing procedure. In Destin Brass instance, the company tried to set up a high trade name name for bring forthing the valves, but subsequently as an enlargement to the concern, the company included two new merchandise lines which are the pumps and the flow accountants maintaining in head the similarities of productions and the handiness of the productions capacity. Destin Brass did non hold a distinguished rival in the valves market because of the high quality of the valves produced, but there is a monolithic competition in the pump and flow accountants market. This paper will capture a clip of the company concern where there is a high competition on the pumps ‘ monetary values and the solution of increasing the monetary values of the flow accountants did non alter the market. The direction is in demand to reconsider its fiscal scheme in order to face competition.The fiscal analysisAfter measuring the current fiscal state of affairs of Destin Brass, The analysis hereby will join forces to reply the direction inquiries, and illustrations of the below solutions had been used by concern and it proved to hold an influence of determination devising procedure sing the company scheme. The solutions are as follow s:Merchandise costs as per the ABC informationFrom the given information in the instance survey, there is a connexion between the merchandises costs and the costs incurred by the activities related to the productions of each merchandise line. The reply to this issue is to fix cost estimations for the three merchandises by using the necessities of the activity based costing, table 1 shows that the ABC costs of the valves is 37.8, the pumps is 48.82, and the flow accountants is $ 100.63. The ABC method attempts to link the indirect costs to the merchandises, and accordingly handle them as direct costs. Based on the instance analyze fiscal information, the computations in table 1 have been prepared by utilizing the followers: Making a cost pool for the machine depreciation and care cost, and apportion the merchandises based on machine hours. Making a cost pool for having and material handling costs by ciphering the figure of minutess consumed for every merchandise. Making a cost pool for technology costs by ciphering how much technology is consumed by each merchandise.Comparing the ABC with the criterion and the revised unit costsIn this comparing, it will look the cost of each merchandise under the three types of bing computation methods and the ground why they are different. Table 2 shows the comparing. The three bing methods dainty direct costs which are run labour and stuff, in the same manner. Furthermore, fiscal experts support the thought that direct costs is non the existent job as this can be tracked to the merchandise, but the issue is that bing computations gets complicated when seeking to apportion the operating expenses ( Indirect costs ) . The allotment of operating expenses is where the differences in costs come under the three bing methods. In the criterion cost accounting there is no attempt made to track the operating expense costs to the merchandises. It is believed that indirect costs can non be related with the merchandises that ‘s why they are summarised and so allocated to the merchandises based on the given allotment factor ( cost driver ) . In Destin Brass instance, the operating expenses which include the receiving and stuffs managing, packing and transportation, and depreciation and care for $ 680.000 per month, are allocated based on the tally labour dollars. Consequently, every merchandise is allocated a per centum of the operating expenses in the same ratio that the merchandise consume of labor ( valves 0.5 tally hours per unit, pumps 0.5 tally per unit, and flow accountants 0.4 run per unit ) . See table 3 for inside informations. The revised cost accounting makes portion of the indirect costs as direct. The stuff and handling costs are treated in a separate manner, but non the best cost driver had been chosen ( direct stuff dollars ) , as it would be seen in the ABC. Furthermore, setup labor is assigned straight based on the apparatus hours for which information is available. The staying operating expenses are allocated on the footing of machine hours. As mentioned by Peggy Alford, this gives an thought why rivals are cutting monetary values on pumps. It is now clear that costs of the pumps is overstated utilizing the criterion bing method while the costs of the valves are unostentatious. But, bing can be improved particularly that the flow accountants ‘ monetary value is non truly explained that they are cheaper to bring forth than it was calculated by the criterion bing method. The ABC method paths every bit much as possible of the indirect disbursals of the merchandises and services. So any disbursal incurred of a merchandise is straight charged to that peculiar merchandise instead than distributing the disbursal over all the merchandises. When disbursals incurred of a figure of merchandises, they are gathered and allocated based on a proper cost driver. In this manner, the allotment will be done in proportion to the existent costs ingestion by all the merchandises. Table 1 had shown the ABC costs computations for the three merchandises. Now, we can see that flow accountants have been subsidised by pumps and selling them for $ 97.07 is loss devising ( be $ 100.63 ) instead than at 42 % gross border. But, subsidizing flow accountants had made pumps less profitable while selling monetary value of $ 81.26 corresponds to 43.37 % gross border. The costs of the valves are the same under both the criterion and the ABC methods.Strategic deductions of the fiscal an alysisHarmonizing to Bhimani et La ( 2008 ) , extremely competition concern environment requires a comprehensive costs understanding, and a proper costing scheme is indispensable to ease determination doing. In Destin Brass instance, the direction is confronting a determination whether to travel on in the pumps market in malice of the monetary values autumn and decreasing net income borders or to cut this concern line and dressed ore merely on the valves and the flow accountant ‘s merchandises which are profitable. But, doing a determination following the standard costing method would hold caused black effects for the company as it would cut the profitable merchandise and concentrate on merchandises that are selling at a loss. Destin Brass is an ideal illustration of how critical is to hold an accurate bing method to follow to supply strategic determination devising. But, in malice of the importance of the fiscal and accounting information that the bing method will supply, the direction vision should be supported by the information non merely dictated by the accounting information.The following month consequencesIn the clip where cost accounting does non count for the cost allotment to find the costs of the merchandises, it does non impact the bottom line. Here, presuming that the measures of the productions and the gross revenues, stock list, selling monetary values stay the same, and the monetary values of stuff, labor, managing remains the same. The net net income would be the same as the net net income of the last month. The bottom line will be affected in instance the consequences demoing in the ABC method are considered and the merchandising monetary values are adjusted.DecisionThe costing methods used to place the strengths and failing of the concern public presentation helps direction to make up one's mind whether operations require any betterments. This indicates that the inaccurate costing allotment can take to either over or under pricing. Con sequently, this will forestall the direction from taking the company to do higher net income, retain clients or take the company to wrong strategic determinations.

Justice System Position Paper

The purpose of this paper is to state my belief that juveniles should and can be rehabilitated. The goals and efforts of rehabilitation are to keep the juvenile offenders out of the correctional facility. Peers impact delinquency in several ways for instance; most teenagers follow their friends do to peer pressure. Some juveniles demonstrating behaviors that are inappropriate at times just to fit in. In some cases the peers that are under the influence of their friends tend to due things that they were taught not to do because they will feel as though they may lose the others as their friend. A lot of juvenile’s offenders don't have a positive older role model in their life they can turn to so they tend to turn to their peers for guidance and this is how juvenile delinquency begins. In many cases juvenile delinquents are raised by single parents. Some are subjected to an environment that is considered a high crime area in which promotes delinquent behavior. In some cases when juvenile’s become delinquent they feel as though because of their age there is no real consequence they would face because they are minors. Juveniles have often said â€Å"nothing will happen to me because I’m under aged†. Not all juveniles are a menace to society and should not be place in a juvenile detention. There are many cases when juvenile delinquents can benefit from rehabilitation and not be punishing by placing them in a detention facility. In the early days 1800’s, young children the age of seven and older were placed in an adult correctional facility. These children were incarcerated with criminals who committed murder, robbery, rape, ect†¦ In these early years of incarceration men, women, children and the mentally challenged shared the same space within the correctional facility. The juvenile justice system should focus on rehabilitation The purpose of rehabilitation is to offer programs and therapeutic session in order to assist juvenile delinquents to return to their community. Rehabilitating juvenile delinquents can also deter them from future criminal behavior. The purpose of the community –base treatment programs are designed to serve the juveniles by rehabilitating them so they are able to live as productive citizens within their community. Within the juvenile justice system there are several community treatment based programs that are made available in order to rehabilitate them before entering back into the community. Juvenile delinquents can receive rehabilitation for drug and alcohol use. They can also receive educational courses in order to help them with life skills. Rehabilitation is designed to assist juveniles with the help of a professional team to help teens to cope with drug and alcohol abuse, self-esteem issues, and in some cases sexual abuse. The juvenile justice system should focus on rehabilitation for reasons such as; it can deter juvenile delinquent from future criminal offense. Rehabilitations can also be an alternate solution for juvenile’s verses punishment. Rehabilitating a juvenile can also eliminate the amount cost of incarceration. Rehabilitation can allow the juvenile delinquent to understand his or her reason for their behaviors and can deter them from future acts. Rehabilitation can also help juvenile offenders understand the affect they may have on their community when committing crime. Rehabilitation offers juvenile offenders a new lead on life and implements ways to change their criminal behavior. Why should the juvenile justice system adopt the focus of rehabilitation? The juvenile justice system should adopt the focus of rehabilitation because it would allow juveniles a chance to regain acceptance from the people who live within their community as well as ensuring that each juvenile become successful within society. The juvenile justice system should adopt the focus of rehabilitation verses punishment for reasons such as, when juvenile delinquents are order by a judge to become rehabilitated they tend to learn from their mistake and attempt to make a life change for the better. Most juveniles who committed to becoming rehabilitated have become successful with deterring from criminal activities. In many cases some juvenile delinquents have grown to be productive throughout their teenage years into adulthood after receiving rehabilitation. Rehabilitation has an affect on law enforcement, court process, probation, corrections, community service, and intervention programs for example, within law enforcement most juvenile offenders stand a lesser chance committing a second offense. This would allow the law enforcement to focus on new cases of criminal offenders. In addition to focusing on new offenses, law enforcement can utilize the funding that it would take support the process and use it in other areas most needed. â€Å"Almost all federal support for juvenile law enforcement activities comes through grants made to states and local agencies. (Rabkin, J. N. , 1998) Most juveniles are recommended rehabilitation during the court process. Until the juvenile delinquent has meet all requirements set by his or her probation officer and or the judge, then he or she must complete all orders that are set in order to be in compliance with rehabilitation. Rehabilitation will affect probation because the more juvenile offenders ar e placed on probation the more probation offers case load. Juvenile delinquents must report to their assigned probation offer in order to be in compliance with rehabilitation. In most instance probation officers are assigned to juvenile delinquents who did not receive a jail sentence therefore they are required to check in with the probation officer in order to determine if rehabilitation is effective. Rehabilitation can affect corrections for reasons such as, when funding is made available by grants and other agencies the correction facility can support more rehabilitation services for the juvenile delinquents who in term had to serve time in a correctional facility. Community service would be affected in a positive way because this would allow agencies within the community to help juvenile delinquents regain their self –esteem by allowing them to complete volunteer work. This helps with building their work ethics as well as confidence. Intervention programs could benefit from the use of rehabilitation because it allows more analysis to be complete on the behaviors of juvenile delinquents. This can also be beneficial to rehabilitation programs as well because it allow the programs to create new strategies in order to better rehabilitate juvenile delinquents. It has been several arguments that are opposed of rehabilitating juvenile delinquents. Some feel as though juvenile delinquents should face harsh punishment in order to deter future criminal acts. Then on the other side, there has been argument that juvenile delinquents can benefit from becoming rehabilitated through community base programs as oppose to being incarcerated. There are numerous success stories of how effective juvenile rehabilitation has been. In recent finding judge LaDoris Cordell stated â€Å"the juvenile justice system can be applied and modified to deal with the needs of the particular juvenile. †(Cordell, L. , 2011) In some studies there has been argument that rehabilitation is non effective within the juvenile justice system. In some studies researchers find that most juveniles who commit criminal acts are of those who are poor and in low income homes, they also have a â€Å"lack of opportunity lead children to crime, not families that fail to teach value. (P, F, P, A, 1996) A few arguments that are opposing from the other side are that some feel as though rehabilitations are non- effective and has not deterred juveniles from criminal behavior. It has also been argued that incarceration would serve as justice and is more effective than juvenile delinquent attending rehabilitation programs. Some argued that putting the funds that support rehabilitation programs to other use such as â€Å"placing it on health care. †(Limbaugh, S. 010) I will attempt to validate why my argument is stronger than the opposing side, In my opinion I feel the arguments that were opposed to rehabilitation are not as valid as my arguments for reason such as, juveniles that are incarcerated for a long period of time stand a greater chance of becoming institutionalized as oppose to juveniles who are becoming rehabilitated through community programs. Juvenile delinquents who spend a lot of time incarcerated stand a greater chance of becoming depressed, aggressive, and even more violent towards others than before they enter into the correctional facility. Juvenile delinquents who attend rehabilitation programs have been a positive resolution for young offenders. Most juveniles who were rehabilitated stand a greater chance to become more productive within society. If the juvenile justice system would focus more on rehabilitation services then most juvenile delinquents can concentrate on becoming rehabilitated and not feel the pressure of confinement with in the correctional facility. † Rehabilitation is the focus of corrections programs for juveniles. †(T, P, F, J, D, 1999) Evidence to support my claims Community rehabilitation programs are the best prevention for juvenile delinquents. When providing services to juvenile delinquents it allows juvenile delinquents to regain self confidents when reentering into society as well as it brings about self awareness. In 1996 a report from RAND Corporation which indicated that â€Å"early intention programs can prevent as many as 250 crimes per $1 million spent while the same amount spent in prisons would prevent only 60 such crimes a year†. (Adebayo,J. ,A. 2011) In conclusion The purpose of my position paper is to state my belief that juveniles should and can be rehabilitated. The goals and efforts of rehabilitation are to keep the juvenile offenders out of the correctional facility. The advantage of rehabilitating juvenile delinquents is to deter them from future criminal acts. The disadvantage of juvenile punishment is that some juveniles that are confined to a correction facility as oppose to reporting to a community program risks the chance of becoming institutionalized. The disadvantage of becoming institutionalized can trigger more aggressive behavior than before. In my opinion I feel as though rehabilitation is more effective then placing juvenile delinquents in a correctional facility because juveniles are able to get a new start on life after being rehabilitated.