Self Reflection Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Reflection Letter - Essay Example It is worth to note that writing of academic paper is not an easy task as I thought before taking this class. With the help of the friendly professor I have learned to conduct a thorough research using library resources and online search engines. Now I am able to produce a well-researched paper on any topic. In addition, I realized that writing of the research paper requires intensive investments of time and efforts - it is not enough to locate several articles and summarize them - it is necessary to review the major points as well as pay close attention to the details. Thinking logically and reasoning critically are two of the skills that have helped me to put information from different sources into one flowing essay. While being in this class, my perception of world issues and of American culture has much enlarged. I have spent three years in United States already, but I cannot claim confidently that I have enough knowledge of culture to understand it. Numerous discussions in class have helped me to make one step towards fuller understanding of the American culture.

Animal Testing for Medical Purposes Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing for Medical Purposes Essay To persuade the audience that animal testing is only ok if it is used for medical purposes only. Outline I. Introduction: A. Attention-getting device: Do you know anyone that has or had cancer? Or some other deadly disease? These diseases could be cured with a little more research and experimenting. How about painkillers? Have any of you had surgery and been under anesthesia? B. Preview: Those painkillers and cures could be or are thanks to researchers and their animal testing. I know what you’re thinking. Animal testing; bad and cruel. But, it is only cruel and unethical if it is used for useless, unimportant things, such as cosmetic testing. By using animals for MEDICAL purposes only, we could be saving millions of lives. II. Body A. Animal testing is something that a lot of Americans fear. However, they don’t know that in order to save people, it must be done. They need to know that it can benefit us and help us so much in the medical field. 1. Every year, thousands die from diseases, which could be prevented. a. Helps many medical issues such as cancer (Breast cancer, childhood leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, lung), HIV/AIDS, Heart Disease/Stroke (Statins, â€Å"Clot-busting agents), Diabetes, Parkinson’s Disease, Hepatitis C, Birth Defects, Bioterrorism Medical Countermeasures, Epilepsy, Spinal Cord Injuries, Cystic Fibrosis b. A 2001 report from the National Cancer Institute stressed the dire need for research relying on mouse models of lung cancer and focusing on understanding, preventing, and detecting lung cancer and developing novel targeted therapies for treating the disease. . A total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2013. This number could be cut drastically. 2. Animal testing can help not only those with diseases, but ordinary people. a. When some drugs aren’t tested, they can be very harmful, and often deadly to us. i. In 1937, a pharmaceutical company in the USA created a preparation of sulfa nilamide, using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent, and called the preparation ‘Elixir Sulfanilamide’. DEG was poisonous to humans, but the companys chief pharmacist and chemist was not aware of this. He simply added raspberry flavoring to the sulfa drug, which he had dissolved in DEG, and the company marketed the product. The preparation led to mass poisoning causing the deaths of more than a hundred people. No animal testing was done. ii. .Another tragic drug fiasco occurred in the late 1950s and early 1960s with thalidomide. It was found to act as an effective tranquilizer and painkiller and was proclaimed a ‘wonder drug’ for insomnia, coughs, colds, and headaches. It was found to have an inhibitory effect on morning sickness, and hence, thousands of pregnant women took the drug to relieve their symptoms. Consequently, more than 10,000 children in 46 countries were born with malformations or missing limbs. The drug was withdrawn in 1961 and 1968 after a long campaign. (Transition: You can now tell that it is a crucial step) B. I’m not saying that animal testing should be used for everything, just for medical purposes. 1. People automatically assume that the animals are hurt a. The NIH funds over half of the medical research conducted in the US and regularly visits research facilities to ensure that staff are following animal care regulations. b. The USDA surveys the total number of animals being used for research and how many of these animals experience pain. According to them, only 6% of animals being tested experience pain. c. The Animal Welfare Act of 1966 is one of the laws that regulates animal care in research and exhibitions. This act is enforced by the USDA and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. . Some animals even benefit from it themselves. a. Animal research has been also able to benefit cats and dogs in certain ailments. Moreover, nutrition of cats and dogs has been improved after repeated animal tests. (Transition: Both humans and animals are helped by this. As you can see†¦) C. Animal testing could be the solution to the deaths of thousands. 1. If animal testing occurred, cancer, HIV, Heart disease, diabetes, Cystic Fibrosis , and many other conditions wouldn’t be a tragedy. a. nimal research is essential to tackling major 21st century health problems such as cancer and heart disease. Without the use of animals it would be impossible, in many cases, to develop drugs or any sort of medical treatment. Professor Sir George Radda (Transition: People like Professor Radda know all the pros and cons of animal testing, and has decided that it is very helpful. ) D. It’s important that you also know your facts about animal testing before you disagree with it 1. Do more in depth research on your own, and decide if we could’ve gotten this far, medically, without it. 2. If you research what kind of drugs and painkillers from the drugstore were tested on animals, you’ll see that you use some of those on the daily. a. Think about it: your allergy medicine, Advil and Tylenol, other painkillers, any asthma treatments†¦ All things that you would use daily are tested on animals b. If animal testing wasn’t done what would you do when you got a migraine, or an asthma attack, or itchy, puffy eyes from allergies? Would you be able to withstand it alone without any medicine? (Transition: You now know that†¦) III. Conclusion A. Summary: Animal testing is something that can help us greatly. People automatically assume that it is bad, but when it is used in the right situation, it can be really helpful. In the medical field, it has helped many issues such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, Heart disease, diabetes, birth defects, cystic fibrosis, and many more. B. Concluding Device: We must do what we need to, even if everyone doesn’t agree, in order to advance in the medical field.

Right to Die Debate

Right to Die Debate Briana Rodriguez â€Å"At the moment when I find myself unable to fight, give me a right to die.†- Friedrich Engels. When dealing with terminally ill patients, the right to die is ones choice, and shouldn’t be determined by legal actions of the government. Many citizens of the United States argue about the right to die, and how to ethically and legally deal with this request, wanted by many terminally ill patients all around. The right to die is an ethical or legal entitlement for an individual to undergo voluntary euthanasia and commit suicide. Many patients with terminally illness often deal with the conclusion that their life will be coming to an end, due to lack of medical support. Many of these illnesses, from cancer to Lou Gehrig’s disease, are untreatable and the patient has to come to grips that they will die soon. The families slowly watch them die and the patient not only has to physically deal with the pains of their body slowly shutting down, but also has to subconsci ously deal with the pain they are causing around them as well. That is why the right to die should be permitted legally, for the patient’s physical and mental care and also for the families surrounding them. The list below is key concepts to supporting the idea that the right to die is ones choice and should be legally permitted by the government. Nancy Cruzan and Brittany Maynard Laws and Supreme Court Cases supporting the right to die Professional opinions and statistical facts The idea to legally be permitted the right to die has been around for decades. The most current involvement being Brittany Maynard. Who was told in April 2014, that she had a brain tumor and that in sixth months would die from it. She refused to allow it to kill her and refused to let her family watch her die. So instead, she achieved her bucket list, moved to Oregon and surrounded by all her loved ones in her home, died in November of that year. She quoted â€Å"when exactly is the right time to die?† http://listverse.com/2014/11/15/10-heartbreaking-right-to-die-cases/ Maynard’s death was as peaceful as falling asleep and there was no pain. There is no more proof needed to show that the right to die helps the patients more than physically but mentally, and not just themselves but their loved ones as well. No one wants to die, but given the circumstances, this is the best most peaceful way to go. It is unethical for the government to not allow this and inhumane to allow the patients to suffer when it could be so much more peaceful. There are cases all around the US, in which day to day people, deal with the reality that they are in fact dying. And some cases, the fact that the patients aren’t even dying, is where the right to die is needed. January 1983, Nancy Cruzan was hurt in a severe car accident. The paramedics saved her heart beat, and although she was alive, she suffered from many injuries. She was entirely oblivious to her surroundings, she was a spastic quadriplegic, her brain had degenerated, had irreversible tendon and muscle damage, and had no reflexive ability to either chew or swallow anything and would never gain the ability to do so. All this being sited on, www.euthanasia.com. She was in severe pain and could not, or wouldn’t ever be, able to do any type of day to day things needed to survive on her own. She was in an intense vegetative state, and would be till the day she died. This was the first time the US Supreme Court was given the right to die case. This particular case help s to support the other side, of the right to die act. It is in fact not just for patients who are coming to the ends of their life, but also for those who are suddenly put into an accident and will never again gain their ability to survive without machines. Some debate against the right to die, because they believe that the patient could possibly be saved and that there are certain â€Å"what ifs† and there could always be a chance things will change. But there are patients who were never sick and, due to life changing accidents, are now stuck in a vegetative state and will never again get to â€Å"live†. There are no â€Å"what ifs† for these people, and therefore they should have the absolute right to end their lives, due to the suffering of day to day living being too much. There are actually some cases in which the people have taken the cases further up into the Supreme Court; one US Supreme Court case being Washington v. Glucksberg. Washington criminally charges anyone who â€Å"knowingly causes or aids another person to commit suicide.† http://www.oyez.org. Glucksberg argued that denying a terminally ill person the right to die actually violates the Fourteenth amendment and denies a person the liberty to choose death over life if they wanted to. It was taken to court and decided that the right to assist suicide is not a liberty interest and is actually offensive to the traditions of our nation. Another case being Vacco v. Quill was also taken to the Supreme Court. â€Å"New York’s ban, while permitting patients to refuse lifesaving treatment on their own, has historically made it a crime for doctors to help patients commit or attempt suicide.† Sited from http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1996_95_1858. Although these court cases were not ruled in favor, there are some legal actions that have been in favor and support the right to die. The Death with Dignity Act went into effect in 1994, legally allowing any â€Å"mentally competent, terminally-ill adult state residents to voluntarily request and receive a prescription medication to hasten their death†. http://deathwithdignity.org. That meaning it allows mentally sane and conscious citizens to be allowed to voluntary take euthanasia to end their suffering with their terminal illness. Many citizens all around the states, including the example of Maynard before, move to Oregon to peacefully receive the medication and be given the right to die. The public is very much associated with the voting on the right to die, although it is in much debate. On http://thehastingscenter.org/Publications/BriefingBook/Detail.aspx?id=2202 it states that when the public was asked whether or not physician-assisted death should be permitted approximately â€Å"two-thirds† of the entire population of the US is in fact, actually approve but only as an option for terminally ill patients who are in suffering and cannot be cured or help any longer. Statiscally proving that the population even believes in the right to die is ones choice. It should not be illegal and it should be permitted especially when the patient is in a great deal of suffering. It’s obvious that if a person’s in deep suffering, then a peaceful death should be the way to go, it is the only humane thing to do in order to help a person. Other statistics were found when asked by a field of people who specifically work with these types of patients; hospice nurses . When asked to complete the survey, taken from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsaa020562, â€Å"Forty-five percent had cared for a patient who requested .assistance with suicide.† And had â€Å"Eigty-two patients were had received perscriptions for lethal medication.† And â€Å"Seventy-seven percent of the request had been presented at a hospice interdisciplinary conference on patient care† Statiscally proving that terminally ill patients, who hospice nurses deal with every day, have asked and it is a question among the nurses. More and more people are hearing about the right to die and there are interest groups all around fighting for terminally ill patients, groups from National Hospice and Pallative Care Organization (NHPCO) and others more widely known like the Death with Dignity National Center(DDNC). More groups being sited on http://diglib.libary.vanderbilt.edu There are so many people who are dying and are suffering greatly but instead of being allowed to be put out their misery, they are instead prolonged their death and have to wait until every part of their body slowly shuts down one at a time. They then lose hearing, seeing, feeding and more until finally their heart finally stops. The patients are unable to do anything. Not only watch them deteriorate literally piece by piece, but also watch their loved ones grow depressed at watching them suffer. Dealing with death, is not an easy topic to discuss especially politically. But, the right to die is a person’s choice and the government should definitely not permit a person from doing so if it ends their suffering. Examples from Supreme Court Cases, to every day to day citizen, the right to die should be permitted. The government says a terminally ill patient does not have the legal right to kill themselves nor be assisted then who’s right is it? What must a person do to obtain their right to end their own suffering?

The Reason for Freedom of Religion Essay -- United States Constitution

Religious influence in the adoption and development of law is contradictory to the structure of the American government and way of life. We are all familiar with the phrase; â€Å"My fellow Americans†, these are words we probably have heard many times before, Presidents have uttered them in addressing the nation, they always have the same connotation every time they are spoken, that all of us are Americans, notice please that the statement is not My fellow Christians. That’s because being an American does not automatically indicate being a Christian, one of the reasons this is such a great country is that we have specific rights guaranteed by our government, such as the right to free speech, the right to bear arms, freedom of the press and as important as any†¦.Freedom of religion. I am not a religious person, I cannot remember a time when I ever truly was, even when the central component of my parents teaching and family interaction was religious belief. I never felt it was logical to proclaim unfettering belief; it just wasn’t an investment I could make in good conscience. I agree somewhat with Karl Marx who wrote: Religious distress is at the same time the expression of real distress and the protest against real distress. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is required for their real happiness. The demand to give up the illusion about its condition is the demand to give up a condition which needs illusions.1 though I do not believe the removal of religion is key to alleviating the condition, It is my conjecture that religious practice will di... ...r be allowed to corrupt, government in order to protect religion and liberty. And in the hopes that never again will â€Å"You shall have no other gods before me† (Exodus 20:3)5 be used as reasoning for ethnic and religious cleansing. Works Cited 1. Marx, Karl, and Joseph J. O'Malley. Critique of Hegel's 'philosophy of Right'. Cambridge [Eng.: University Press, 1970. Print. 2. "Code of Ur-Nammu." Online liberty library.org. Liberty Fund, 05Dec2010. Web. 6 Dec 2010. . 3. Mount, Steve. "The United States Constitution." USConstitution.net. U.S. Constitution.net, APR 1997. Web. 5 Dec 2010. http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html#Am1 4. Baroja, Julio Caro. The World of the Witch. 1st ed. 1. America: Phoenix Press, 2001. 125. Print. 5. Exodus 20:3 The Bible King James Version

Reflective Paper/Generational Poverty Essay

Generational Poverty creates a strong family oriented environment that is a bond that most children refuse to want to break by leaving home. Most of the children that are raised in poverty have a lack of education resulting in a high dropout rate due to frustration in learning or teen pregnancy. Children become possessions to their parents instead of someone that they should teach and prepare for them to move out on their own to achieve success for their families. The older children tend to take care of the younger children forming a sense of belonging to the family resulting in the children to be afraid of leaving home ever. Single parents tend to work longer hours resulting in the inability to educate their children resulting with lower test scores in school causing educational boundaries that could cause illiteracy with children wanting to drop out because of anger and depression with the inability to learn and keep up with the other children. There is a lack of cultural experiences to other environments due to lack of money or transportation to and from areas of culture. This can present language issues where children only know certain words and the specifics of communicating what their needs are expressed unsuccessfully due to being uneducated. (Entertainment, 2006) As the children grow into being teens their lack of education could cause a severe resistance to wanting success or achieve greater paying jobs. This could lead to illegal activities such as the making and selling of drugs to earn money to support their children or to a life of crime and theft. The men that frequent the homes are either lovers or fighter and they come and go in and out of the lives of the woman and children, mostly because they may be wanted by law enforcement. This could lead to the children having a lack of food to sustain proper nutrition based on the large families and low income that the parents bring home. (Entertainment, 2006) Planning for the future is crucial in everyone’s life; this provides more stability for families so that they feel secure for their futures. However, in generational poverty there is an inability to plan or save money for the future due to a lack of income. So planning is nearly impossible because they don’t know where they might be from day to day. Without having any bank accounts or having a mind set to handle money, they use every penny that comes into the household for survival, entertainment or relationships only; there is no security for the future so living in the present is all that populations of generational poverty can do. With an assumption of unemployment most of the members of generational poverty turn to house cleaning, doing peoples hair or nails and even babysitting for extra income to supplement some money that is needed. They have no concept for long term careers and hold a variety of jobs creates a common thought of no future security for not only th e adults but this mentality also passes onto the children who are victims of generational poverty. (Entertainment, 2006) Most of the long term jobs that generational poverty members have are dwindling as there is not a need for so many workers in the agricultural fields. Coal mines are closing down; there is despair in the towns where work was once abundant now the merchants are closing causing citizens to move away from the area. Now there are a lot of drugs, theft and generalized crime. The economy is shifting from manufacturing to a service economy and many of those in generational poverty can’t go along with that shift based of lack of educational experience to help them achieve higher pay, so in the end the manufacturing workers are relying on state assistance for food, money and medical. This becomes mentally instilled into the minds of the children that are being raised with little or no money that it is okay to be on state assistance and live that way for many years resulting in misuse of the system. In the 1960’s Oscar Lewis introduced the â€Å"Poverty Culture† as they learn from each other resulting in forming a â€Å"new normal† that includes the undesired to work and have no education, with this shift we could see a lot of generational poverty groups shifting from TANF to SSI. (Entertainment, 2006) Members of generational poverty are considered to be under classed where they can’t or won’t and are non-participating in work search help agencies. These people are in great demand for food, beds, clothes and school supplies where they are unprepared to participate in the main stream day to day due to illiteracy. With the under developed skills there are more school drop outs, more teen pregnancies and higher unemployment rates. Poverty stricken individuals are likely to abuse every governmental assistance program and get away with abusing the system as each system is not connected with one another. (Entertainment, 2006) As rare as it is some do break the cycle of poverty to poverty proving that the myths involved with not being able to escape poverty and the cultural shock of success is possible. It may take 10-15 years more to fully understand generational poverty. We know that most of those who are classed in poverty just settle for where they are because of not being educated and a lack of desire to succeed fearing that they will not be accepted back into their families if they make it out of the poverty level. With their mind set being that they are illiterate they feel that they can’t get jobs so therefore they don’t even try to better themselves. This effects educators in teaching children because of lack of social cognitive skills to successfully communicate their needs and to be about to read and write on the same level of children their own age, the value on a good education is not transferred to generational poverty children. Educators at school want to help children to excel academically, but when a value is not placed on learning it makes it difficult for teachers to have a strong desire to want to help those who don’t help themselves to succeed, resulting in poorer quality of education at home, with peers and in the environment where roles are played. Parents are not taking the time that is needed to teach their children, most of the children are considered â€Å"latch key† kids or in daycare after school until they can get off work presenting a lack of supervision for the children to take their studies seriously leading to a higher dropout rate among generational poverty children. Schools are beginning to implement more structure to help those who desire to overcome generational poverty however change cannot occur over night and the first thing that needs to change is the attitude of the child before escape from generational poverty can be made. Without motivation or the will to improve their situation then the cycle cannot be broken, therefore a good solid education is the first thing that needs to be accomplished so that the cycle can be broken and children of generational poverty can succeed in breaking the cycle. (Diller, 2011) (Entertainment, 2006) AGED FACING ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT The challenges that the aged face when there is a lack of access to employment begin with governmental forces that are pushing the aged out at 67 to receive SSI and Medicare. Companies are laying off the higher paid older employees to open up positions for younger lower paid employees who may have higher educational experience to navigate the changing from a manufacturing work environment to the service environment in which some of the aged face as problems due to a lack of educational experience. This leaves the aged with no health care and forced to take demeaning demanding jobs that they cannot successfully work because of their age and that they do not have the energy or abilities to overcome unemployment. This situation results in the need for them to spend their savings long before they intended to use it or that they have no savings because they have helped their children and supported them through the years. (Phoenix, 2013) UNIQUE CHALLENGES WOMEN FACE Women are faced with more life changing decisions then men, such as having a child is for life rather than having the option to bail when life gets to tough. Facing society looking down upon her when she chooses a career over staying at home and raising her child is scrutinized even though the woman knows that she loves and cares for her children, the way society looks upon her may stress her out. If a young woman marries a wealthy man she can devote her time and energy to raising her children without having to work. However if a woman chooses love over money then working to provide for her family is what she has to do despite what society thinks about her providing instead of staying at home and raising her children. Facing any stage in life is difficult if the woman is not equipped with a way to handle or deal with the daily stress of an ever changing life with their husband, children, career and just life in general. (unknown) (Coleman, 2012) PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE AND THE WAY I WILL APPROACH THE SPECIAL POPULATIONS Personally I did not realize the impact that generational poverty has on the communities where they are residing in. I knew that there were those who were poor, however, the generational poverty community is much worse off than I could have ever imagined. Being a mother, I could never imagine not teaching my child right from wrong or even the basic math equations that would help her to succeed in school. Life is full of many different lifestyles and cultures but pure ignorance in the education of young children is one that should not be tolerated by anyone. Educators who try to help the children of generational poverty are doing their best to help the children want to have the desire to succeed but the parents or older children at home have made it clear that leaving would devastate their parents, so the only that young children feel that they can do is drop out of school so that they can lead the same life as their siblings before them. As for the unemployment that the aged face because companies are deciding to force retirement, this is wrong and creates societal problems of the need to take care of the elderly or for them to seek out caring individuals to manipulate to care for them because of the lack of family support. Advocates within the community should be helping the elderly to find resources that are being abused by generational poverty victims and help the elderly get of governmental assistance. The changes that women face day to day are many that I face as I approach 40 years of age. My daughter is getting taller, stronger, and older and is not a baby any more, resulting in a desire to have more children. However as women get older their ability to have children has either been surgically removed or they feel that the risks are too high for them to have children. These types of stressors can result in depression, lack of sex drive and just an overall feeling of despair. Learning about these different aspects of life has been rewarding and changed the way that I think how I will approach those who are dealing with so many different cultures. I will more sensitive to those who are older, less fortunate and just going through some changes that they are facing in day to day life. Works Cited Coleman, K. (2012, October 24). Equal Pay For Equal Work: Not Even College Helps Women. Retrieved from NPR: http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/10/24/163536890/equal-pay-for-equal-work-not-even-college-helps-women Diller, J. V. (2011). Cultural Diversity. A Primer for the Human Services. In J. V. Diller, Cultural Diversity. A Primer for the Human Services. Cengage Learning. Entertainment, L. I. (Director). (2006). Born with a Wooden Spoon: Welcome to Poverty U.S.A. (Characteristics of Generational Poverty)(Breaking the Cycle of Generational Poverty) [Motion Picture]. Phoenix, U. o. (2013). Understanding the Depth of Challenges

Crm in Fast Food Industry Essay Example

Crm in Fast Food Industry Essay Example Crm in Fast Food Industry Essay Crm in Fast Food Industry Essay Institute of Management, Nirma University, Ahmedabad SERVICE MARKETING Project Proposal on â€Å"Customer Relation Management Practices in the Indian Fast Food Industry† Submitted To: Prof. Ashwini Awasthi Submitted by: Meghna Mavani (091227) 1 Project Title: Customer relation management practices in the Indian Fast-Food Industry. Introduction to the topic: Relationship marketing is emerging as the core marketing activity for businesses operating in fiercely competitive environments. On average, businesses spend six times more to acquire customers than they do to keep them. Therefore, many firms are now paying more attention to their relationships with existing customers to retain them and increase their share of customer? s purchases. Customer Relationship Management is a process or methodology used to learn more about customers needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them. CRM is a broadly recognized, widely-implemented strategy for managing a company? s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes. The overall goals are to find, attract, and win new clients, nurture and retain those the company already has, entice former clients back into the fold, and reduce the costs of marketing and client service. Customer relationship management describes a company-wide business strategy including customer-interface departments as well as other departments. CRM or customer relationship management is a system of processes which businesses use to rganize and streamline customer service, give sales staff the customer information they need to achieve higher closure rate, optimize marketing and sales efforts, and help to increase the customer base and revenues. Rationale of the project: ? Customer Relationship Management is a process or methodology used to learn more about customers needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them. CRM is a broadly recognized, widely-implemented strat egy for managing a company? s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. Hence a detailed 2 understanding of the various trends of CRM being followed currently would be of great importance to the going-to-be-managers. After all, good customer relationships are at the heart of business success. ? CRM involves all the functions of an organization. The idea of CRM is that it helps businesses use technology and human resources to gain insight into the behavior of customers and the value of those customers. Hence a detailed study of such a widespread initiative carried out by several global organizations would create a deep managerial insight. Moreover the entire reason for taking up the Indian Fast-Food Industry as my project topic is that with the rapidly growing middle class population and changing lifestyle, India is blessed with one of the fastest growing fast food markets in the world. The Indian fast food market is growing at an annual rate of 25-30%. Almost all the world? s big fast food brands have succeeded in making their presence felt in the countr y and most of them are posting appreciable growth. ? Also, all the popular fast food chains have chalked out massive plans for expanding their business and presence throughout the country. Foreign fast food chains are aggressively increasing their presence in the country. ? Another important reason that makes this industry worth studying is that, though this industry has witnessed a robust growth, there is still a huge underpenetrated market in the tier-II and III cities as mostly these fast-food chains are concentrating on the metro cities in India. 3 Literature Review: The innovation decision process model of Rogers (1995) was adopted in this study because CRM is considered an innovative management strategy. Rogers defines innovation as â€Å"ideas, action programs, or objects appealing as new things to individuals or organizations. † The innovation decision process has five stages: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. In the knowledge stage, companies recognize an innovation and its functions. In the persuasion stage, the firm needs to be convinced that an innovation will bring benefits and competitive advantages, so it begins searching for information about the innovation, such as its costs and benefits. Organizational characteristics, such as the size of the firm and its external business environment, are influential. The decision stage occurs when the firm decides to adopt, reject, or postpone the innovation. In the implementation stage, the firm puts the innovation to use to achieve its objectives. In the confirmation stage, the firm decides whether to continue or discontinue adoption of the innovation. Recently, consumers needs and purchase patterns have changed dramatically. To meet various needs, companies tend to adopt differentiated and customer-oriented marketing strategies to gain competitive advantage. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is one specific example, adopted to create and manage relationships with customers more effectively through the detailed and accurate analysis of consumer data using various information technologies. Improved relationships with consumers can lead to greater customer loyalty, retention, and profitability. Although the importance of CRM as a successful strategic approach since the 1990s has been widely recognized, there is no consistent definition of it. According to Swift (2001), CRM is â€Å"an enterprise approach to understanding and influencing customer behavior through meaningful communications in order to improve customer acquisition, customer retention, customer loyalty, and customer profitability. † Kincaid (2003) defines CRM as â€Å"the strategic use of information, processes, technology, and people to manage the customers relationship with the company across the whole customer life cycle. According to Ko et al. (2004), CRM is also defined as the integrated customer management strategy of a firm to efficiently manage customers by providing customized goods and services and maximizing customers lifetime values. 4 The challenge for an organization as also highlighted by Peppard (2000) is to move to a situation where the customer starts buying from you rather than being sold to. This new mantra focuses entirely on the customer, and how to provide customer value in the form of tailoring services or products to meet their requirements. Researchers have identified a variety of technologies related to CRM which include: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? product development through customer DB analysis product development through customer involvement development of customized products customer mileage reward programs real-time customer services managing customer loyalty managing customer complaints developing member-only access to website customer database development customer categorization based on spending The main conclusions to be drawn from the existing literatures are: ? xisting research has a strong focus on the three particular areas of: effects of customer satisfaction of CRM, customer retention and profit management, and effects of CRM technique on performance; ? ? ? ? there remains debate on whether or not relationship marketing can be extended to consumer markets with firms having a relationship orientation then implementing CRM; conceptually, sequential effects from CRM implementation to enhanced financial performance are expected, but have not been explored; the research stream in Japan has focused on techniques of data analysis and data mining aspects of CRM Most systems and processes in this information technology (IT) driven era have some form of hitech interface in transforming inputs to outputs. The restaurant industry is no different, in that IT has played some role in changing a customer? s dining experience over the years- the way in 5 which the meal is prepared, the speed at which it is delivered, the way an order is received, just to name a few. With the advent of new technology and its impact on restaurant operations, one would believe that most firms in the restaurant industry would be IT oriented in the production and delivery of goods and services. Specifically, the study addresses three questions: (1) How do full-service restaurant operators generally view the impact of IT? (2) Is there a difference between full-service chain and independent restaurant firms in the adoption, utilization, and implementation of such technology? (3) What are the reasons some chain and/or independent restaurant firms choose not to invest in IT, while others do and what are the implications? The paper first explores why technology matters and the IT-related trends in the restaurant industry followed by a description of the case study approach and the methodology used in this study. Findings from the restaurants used in the case study ensue, followed by propositions, implications and recommendations while ending with limitations and conclusions. Before exploring each topic, it is essential to state that technology in this paper is referred to as IT, which is defined as „„the development, installation, and implementation of computer systems and applications ? Customer feed-back mechanisms. Industry trends indicate that specific areas being targeted by some restaurants firms include aggressive solicitation of feedback from customers regarding perception of restaurant performance. To some extent, „„comment cards and „„mystery shoppers are being slowly replaced by customer tracking tools which measure the needs of all customers (Hayes, 2002). Such a process includes analysis of online surveys completed by restaurant customers (Liddle, 2001). ? Management of repeat business. Another area targeted by restaurants for innovation through IT is the attempt to increase repeat business. One such area is the use of online reservation systems (Ruggless, 2003). 6 ? Management of marketing and service. Closely connected to frequent diner programs are advances in IT that allow restaurants to gather and store specific information about its customers, which comes mostly from comment cards/online surveys and POS data (Prewitt, 1997). By knowing customers? likes and dislikes and their consumption patterns, firms are able to position their product/service offerings more effectively while being able to offer them special deals. Another area that restaurants look at when trying to improve performance is the speed of service. Restaurant firms, both chains and independents, have started to use handheld devices that allow servers to remotely notify management of a dirty table, so that it can be cleaned and re-set faster for another set of patrons as well as place orders in the kitchen. ? IT and restaurant operations management. The use of technology to improve performance can be seen in use of integrated business solution software to help run restaurants operations. A process refers to a collection of tasks or activities that together result in a desired business outcome. Stated differently, a business process refers to a group of activities that convert organizational inputs (e. g. , human resources) into desired outputs (e. g. , successful new products). Given that groups of tasks can be subdivided or aggregated into lower and higher level processes, the specific nature (i. e. , inputs and outputs) of a business process depends on the level of aggregation used to define it. For instance, define CRM as a macrolevel (i. e. , highly aggregated) process that subsumes numerous subprocesses, such as prospect identification and customer knowledge creation.

Juvenile Corrections Essays

Juvenile Corrections Essays Juvenile Corrections Essay Juvenile Corrections Essay Com II How does the media stereotype you? *Come as your favorite stereotype: By Ego Aviators. Stereotypes Japanese women as some people may think of them. It shows a Japanese girl with slanted eyes, white paint on her face and dressed in a robe. (Race and Culture) *Will Stereotype for food: By The Latino Comedy Project. Stereotypes Mexicans as people with out Jobs that will do any line of work to get by. It has four Mexicans In the back of a truck holding up a sign saying will stereotype for food. Race and Culture) *The Arabs are coming: By New York Arab comedy festival. Stereotypes that Arabs will always have a camel with them because they are from the desert. It shows a camel with sunglasses in Hollywood. ( Race and Culture) *Whos a Looter? : By Tania Rally. Stereotypes a young black male of stealing because of how he looks. Shows two pictures on of a young black male with bags and is stereotyped of stealing as in the second picture has a white male and white female and they Just found the things they are holding. Race and Culture) Gay Asian-American Male Seeking Home. : by Chon-suck Han. Stereotypes a gay Aslant male by say how Aslant all reading look Like theyre more feminine then other males. (Race, Gender, Culture, and Sexual orientation) *On Covers of Many Magazines, a full racial palette is still rare. : by David Carr. Stereotypes White women as being or important for people to see on a cover of a magazine. (Race and Culture) *Not Only Natalie is Missing. : by Anne-Mar ie OConnor. Stereotypes how white women are shown in the media over other races and genders. Tells use how people will listen more of a white girl missing over another kind of kidnapping. (Race, Culture, and Gender) *Skin Deep What polls of Minorities Mils. : BY David Boosts. Tells use that polls only show use Stereotypes that may be true for some of the people but not all of them. Also Monitor use Tanat ten polls will always n (Race and Culture) more data to Increase Its result. *Advertising Sets Double Standard for the Male Gender. : By William Sea. Stereotype males of being men and they should act a certain way to be a man. It tells use about a commercial that shows a man that is successful being macho, watching sports, and drinking beer and tells use that thats how we need to be to be successful. (Gender and Culture) *Graphic Artist Carefully Assigns Ethnicities to Anthropomorphic Recyclables. : Appeared in august 2003 in the Onion. Tells use of how the artist is trying to get every different tip of race and sexual orientation as recyclable objects. Such as a black man as a trash can and a Mexican as a can. (Race, Gender, Sexual orientation,

Biography of Banastre Tarleton, British General

Biography of Banastre Tarleton, British General Banastre Tarleton (August 21, 1754–January 15, 1833) was a British Army officer during the American Revolution who became notorious for his actions in the southern theater of the war. He gained his reputation for brutality following the Battle of Waxhaws, where he reputedly had American prisoners killed. Tarleton later led part of Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis army and was crushed at the Battle of Cowpens in January 1781. Remaining active until the end of the war, he was captured following the British surrender at Yorktown that October. Fast Facts: Banastre Tarleton Known For: American RevolutionBorn: August 21, 1754 in Liverpool, EnglandParents: John TarletonDied: January 15, 1833 in Leintwardine, EnglandEducation: Middle Temple in London and University College at Oxford UniversityPublished Works:  A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781, in the Southern Provinces of North AmericaSpouse(s): Mary Robinson (not married, long term relationship ca. 1782–1797) Susan Priscilla Bertie (m. December 17, 1798–his death in 1833)Children: Illegitimate daughter with Kolima, (1797–1801) Banina Georgiana Tarleton Early Life Banastre Tarleton was born August 21, 1754, in Liverpool, England, the third child of John Tarleton, a prominent merchant with extensive ties in the American colonies and the slave trade. John Tarleton served as the mayor of Liverpool in 1764 and 1765, and, holding a position of prominence in the city, Tarleton saw that his son received an upper-class education including studying the law at Middle Temple in London and University College at Oxford University. Upon his fathers death in 1773, Banastre Tarleton received 5,000 British pounds but promptly lost most of it gambling at Londons notorious Cocoa Tree club. In 1775, he sought a new life in the military and purchased a commission as a coronet (second lieutenant) in the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards. Taking to military life, Tarleton proved a skilled horseman and displayed strong leadership skills. Early Career In 1775, Tarleton obtained permission to leave the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards and proceeded to North America as a volunteer with Cornwallis. As part of a force arriving from Ireland, he took part in the failed attempt to capture Charleston, South Carolina in June 1776. Following the British defeat at the Battle of Sullivans Island, Tarleton sailed north where the expedition joined General William Howes army on Staten Island. During the New York Campaign that summer and fall he earned a reputation as a daring and effective officer. Serving under Colonel William Harcourt of the 16th Light Dragoons, Tarleton achieved fame on December 13, 1776. While on a scouting mission, Tarletons patrol located and surrounded a house in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, where American Major General Charles Lee was staying. Tarleton was able to compel Lees surrender by threatening to burn the building down. In recognition of his performance around New York, he earned a promotion to major. Charleston Waxhaws After continuing to provide able service, Tarleton was given command of a newly formed  mixed force of cavalry and light infantry known as the British Legion and Tarletons Raiders in 1778. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, his new command was largely comprised of Loyalists and at its largest numbered around 450 men. In 1780, Tarleton and his men sailed south to Charleston, South Carolina, as part of General Sir Henry Clintons army.   Landing, they aided in the siege of the city and patrolled the surrounding area in search of American troops. In the weeks before Charlestons fall on May 12, Tarleton won victories at Moncks Corner (April 14) and Lenuds Ferry (May 6). On May 29, 1780, his men fell upon 350 Virginia Continentals led by Colonel Abraham Buford. In the ensuing Battle of Waxhaws, Tarletons men butchered Bufords command, despite an American attempt to surrender, killing 113 and capturing 203. Of the captured men, 150 were too wounded to move and were left behind. Known as the Waxhaws Massacre to the Americans, it, along with his cruel treatment of the populace, cemented Tarletons image as a heartless commander. Through the remainder of 1780, Tarletons men pillaged the countryside instilling fear and earning him the nicknames Bloody Ban and Butcher. With Clintons departure after the capture of Charleston, the Legion remained in South Carolina as part of Cornwallis army. Serving with this command, Tarleton took part in the victory over Major General Horatio Gates at Camden on August 16. In the weeks that followed, he sought to suppress the guerrilla operations of Brigadier Generals Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter, but with no success. Marion and Sumters careful treatment of civilians earned them their trust and support, while Tarletons behavior alienated all those he encountered. Cowpens Instructed by Cornwallis in January 1781 to destroy an American command led by Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, Tarleton rode west seeking the enemy. Tarleton found Morgan at an area in western South Carolina known as the Cowpens. In the battle that followed on January 17, Morgan conducted a well-orchestrated double envelopment that effectively destroyed Tarletons command and routed him from the field. Fleeing back to Cornwallis, Tarleton fought in the Battle of Guilford Courthouse and later commanded raiding forces in Virginia. During a foray to Charlottesville, he unsuccessfully attempted to capture Thomas Jefferson and several members of the Virginia legislature. Later War Moving east with Cornwallis army in 1781, Tarleton was given command of the forces at Gloucester Point, across the York River from the British position at Yorktown. Following the American victory at Yorktown and Cornwallis capitulation in October 1781, Tarleton surrendered his position. In negotiating the surrender, special arrangements had to be made to protect Tarleton due to his unsavory reputation. After the surrender, the American officers invited all of their British counterparts to dine with them but specifically forbade Tarleton from attending. He later served in Portugal and Ireland. Politics Returning home in 1781, Tarleton entered politics and was defeated in his first election for Parliament. In 1782, after returning to England and supposedly on a bet with her current lover, Tarleton seduced Mary Robinson, ex-mistress of the Prince of Wales and a talented actress and poet: they would have a 15-year relationship, but never married and had no surviving children. In 1790, he won the election and went to London to serve as a member of Parliament for Liverpool. During his 21 years in the House of Commons, Tarleton largely voted with the opposition and was an ardent supporter of the slave trade. This support was largely due to his brothers and other Liverpudlian shippers involvement in the business. Mary Robinson wrote his speeches after he became a member of Parliament. Later Career and Death With Mary Robinsons assistance, in 1787 Tarleton wrote Campaigns of 1780–1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America, an apologia for his failings in the American Revolution, on which he blamed  Cornwallis. Despite Robinsons active role in his life by the late 18th century, Tarletons growing political career forced him to abruptly end his relationship with her. On December 17, 1798, Tarleton married Susan Priscilla Bertie, an illegitimate daughter of Robert Bertie, the 4th Duke of Lancaster. Tarleton had no surviving children in either relationship; although he did have an illegitimate daughter (Banina Georgiana Tarleston, 1797–1801) with a woman known as Kolima. Tarleton was made a general in 1812, and in 1815, he was created a Baronet and received a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1820. Tarleton died in London on January 25, 1833.

Enforceability of international and local mediation (UAE) Assignment

Enforceability of international and local mediation (UAE) - Assignment Example 23). Since its inception, there are records of several organizations and institutions that have used mediation processes to settle what would otherwise have been long running legal litigation and battle. In some cases, mediation has come in as settle options for cross border cases involving the United Arab Emirates and other countries. As far back as 1971, the United Arab Emirates underwent a successful mediation process to settle what would have been a long running international litigation with Oman and this move highly praised by the United States and other international bodies (Condliffe, 2002, p. 233). This means that mediation takes several dimensions and come in as resolution option for different forms of litigations in the United Arab Emirates. However, there have been instances where the mediation processes have not been continued to its logical conclusions. This is because mediation outcomes are not enforced, resulting in the need to resort to the courts. This paper therefor e discusses enforceability of mediation outcome and provides recommendations to overcome the problems associated with lack of compliance. ... 32). Moreover, the conclusion of mediation is free of all forms of legal punishment such as fines and imprisonment. What this means is that parties involved in mediation can always be assured that there will be settlement that does not put any commercial cost on them. What is more, peace is always guaranteed when mediation is used. Whether used by individuals, corporate bodies or between nations, the use of mediation helps in eliminating the fear of violent, brutal and sadistic conclusion to cases (Condliffe, 2002, p.111). This is especially important when using mediation between nations. This point is so made against the background that the world has experienced a number of wars, which experts have ruled that they could have been avoided if there were alternative means of resolving them. There are cases of major corporate organizations which went into liquidation because of protracted court proceedings and rulings. Most of these organizations, if they had chosen the path of mediatio n would still have been functioning and making profits. Finally, it would be said that mediation is essentially important in coming out with easy-to-apply remedies. This is because the outcomes of mediations are mostly arrived as a result of compromise between the parties involved instead of a ruling by an arbitrator. This way, the two parties arrive at consensus that benefits them both in settling their differences. Factors inhibiting the Compliance of Mediation Outcomes Despite the beautiful advantages of the use of mediation that can be listed on and on, there are major hindrances to the successful application of mediation as a dispute resolution and construction mechanism and therefore put a lot of parties

Emiliano Zapata (For Latin American Humanities class) Research Paper

Emiliano Zapata (For Latin American Humanities class) - Research Paper Example Soon after being elected the mayor of Anenecuilco town in 1909, he started to defend the peasants’ debt peons’ lands, from the greedy sugarcane plantations owners. He managed to assemble thousands of peasants’ men and he remunerated them by collecting taxes from provincial cities as well as extorting from the affluent (Chasteen 219). Zapata arms mostly came from the captured from federal troops and they were wanted change from the higher level. That is why he decided to ambush the well-off, national institutions, as well as the federal army anywhere and when possible. Even though his peasants’ army acquired land and began to work on it, Zapata faced problems especially when changing from guerrilla aggravation to open combat, something which did not produce his desired victory (McLynn 221). His armed revolutionaries were referred to as Zapatistas who were mostly rural peasants. The alliance between him and Francesco Madero saw the overthrow of President Porfirio Diaz in 1910 (Chasteen 219). However, this alliance did not last for a long period, since him and Madero had dissimilar ideologies. Zapata was more concerned about land reforms something which Madero did not believe in. When Madero was overthrown by his key General, known as Victoriano Huerta, Zapata joined forces with Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregà ³n to defeat Huerta in 1914, before they turned against each other (McLynn 213). Zapata was later killed in 1919 after being tricked to appear in a meeting with Jesà ºs Guajardo who was sent by Pablo Gonzà ¡lez a close general of president Venustiano Carranza (MicrosoftCorporation para 3). Some of Zapata notable achievements include the formation of the agrarian commissions, which were responsible for distributing land with no favoritism, in addition to being free of the practice whereby landowners could corrupt the

Issues in managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues in managment - Essay Example In 1961 Kroc purchased the McDonald brothers’ equity share of $2.7 million and changed the name to McDonald’s Corporation. In 1965 McDonald’s went public and is currently headquartered in Illinois. McDonald’s follows a different business model from other fast food chains. In addition to the franchisee fees, supplies and a percentage of sales, they also collect rents partially linked to sales. Approximately 70% of McDonalds restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local men and women. McDonald’s offers flexible menus with different tastes and different sizes to fit every active lifestyle. It has a global presence with successful expansion into 120 countries and they serve nearly 54 million customers each day. By 2001, they had 30,093 restaurants all over the world with sales of $24 billion. They offer both counter service and drive through service. The company operates other brands such as Piles Cafà © and Boston Market and has a minority stake in Pret a Manger. They had a majority stake in Chiptole Mexican Grill – an 18-restaurant chain in the US until they completely divested it in October 2006. It also owned Donatos Pizza until December 2003. It has a subsidiary called Redbox, an automated convenience store started in 2003 and since 2005 they focus on DVD rental machine. Their global presence has caused McDonaldization of the society. As it is closely identified with the lifestyle and culture of America, the business expansion has also been termed as Americanization. McDonalds has often been the target of anti-globalization protesters. At the end of 2003 it employed more than 1.6 million people and is considered to be America’s largest job training program. They claim to make the world a better place and claim to respect and value their employees, but reports suggest that pay and working conditions are far from being ‘overwhelmingly

Lenovo Goes Global Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lenovo Goes Global - Term Paper Example This acquisition was a great opportunity for the Lenovo brand; however, it also posed significant challenges to the company’s management. The key challenge was associated with differences of the American and Chinese cultures. It took almost five years before the company has managed to resolve the worst of the cultural differences (Holstein, 3). This was a process of learning of a way in which the multinational company should operate in order to succeed. In result of this experience, the company has surpassed such global players on the PC’s market as Dell and Hewlett-Packard Company (Holstein, 4). Lenovo’s sales have almost doubled in 2014 compared to 2008, and reached $39 billion. This success was partially attributed to the company’s Mergers & Acquisition strategy. The company has successfully entered many foreign markets by acquiring local players. One of the most recent acquisitions was the handset division of Google and IBM’s low-end server busi ness in China (Holstein, 4). Another success factor was attributed to the company’s capability to develop a global network. Lenovo has developed effective HR strategies based on the global approach, adopted global management principles, and created network oriented enterprise. Also, the company has managed to transform its ineffective and costly supply chain into highly integrated, cost-effective, flexible and competitive supply chain system. In order to achieve this, Lenovo’s management has eliminated excessive elements and policies, have developed effective system of performance measurement, and provided extensive training to its top managers. Lenovo has also adopted â€Å"out of box† thinking culture and against all the stereotypes have reestablished electronics assembly in the United States (Holstein, 6). Despite the fact that the workforce in the US was more costly than in China, Lenovo has

HIST 2112 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HIST 2112 - Essay Example While industry had been around for quite a while before the turn of the century, this was the first time it became nearly impossible to survive in a purely rural environment. At first, many skilled workers joined unions in an attempt to save their jobs from unskilled machine workers who could do the exact same work in a factory as them for cheaper and more quickly. This did not last long, however, as more cooperation was needed for success. Often times, the actions of these unions would lead to violence, which means more problems would be caused by their protests than would be solved by them. The Coal Strikes between 1900 and 1902 became somewhat of a national crisis, as coal was a necessary commodity. The workers did gain higher wages and less hours with these strikes, although the government refused to admit that the union had anything to do with this. As time moved on, workers attempted to create a union for all to be a part of, which would end the wage system and would give the w orkers the power. These attempts were suppressed by the capitalists, however, as they knew that paying too much in wages would put a damper on the significant profits they were making during this time period. The entrepreneurs got the government involved in these disputes in order to protect their interests. The government knew that it was in its best interests to keep the capitalist entrepreneurs happy, so it did whatever it could to prevent the workers from winning these disputes. These unions were, however, important because they allowed for wages to rise and hours worked to fall for skilled workers in the United States. The lives of African Americans between 1877 and 1928 were transitional, as African Americans began to search for a niche in American society. In 1877, North troops left the South, which meant that former African American slaves in the South could no longer rely on them for political protection. Many issues

Exchange Rate and Puchasing Power Parity Theory Essay

Exchange Rate and Puchasing Power Parity Theory - Essay Example Here, we will take a look at the concept that is the purchasing power parity and try to understand its implications on the currency exchange rates in the world. The best simplest way to describe Purchasing Power Parity, denoted by PPP, is by directly going into its application. So, PPP of the Gross Domestic Product for the countries around the world as of 2003, where we use the American economy as our base group and assign it a value of 100 would see the highest index value being appropriated to Bermuda i.e. 154. This basically means that goods that are sold in the Bermuda are 54% times more expensive as compared to those in United States. Now, the purchasing power parity theory makes use of the long term equilibrium exchange rate that exists between these two currencies in order to equalize the purchasing abilities of both the said currencies. This theory has been developed by the works of Gustav Cassel in 1920 and to put it in simplest terms, it is fundamentally the law of one price: the theory goes along the lines that in completely ideal and efficient markets, identical goods must have the same price regardless of the currency used in t he purchase of goods. By equalizing the purchasing power of different currencies in their home countries for a given basket of goods for different currencies, we can ascertain the purchasing power SEM rate. ... t are existent in a country as well as the similar rates of inflations from different countries as opposed to a generic nominal gross domestic product comparison. It is also a generally accepted notion that the most widely accepted and most often applied purchasing power parity exchange rate is the Geary-Khamis dollar; which is also known as the "international dollar". Changes in the PPP exchange rates: Purchasing power parity exchange rates; or what are known as 'real exchange rates' most often experience variability due to the exchange rate movements that taken place due to open market currency operations. Notwithstanding this type of value fluctuations, uniform variations of the market and the purchasing power parity exchange rates are observed. We have the example of the market exchange rates, which are usually priced for non-traded goods and services at a lower level than expected in the instances where the national incomes are also relatively low. This basically means that a U.S. dollar that is exchanged in Dubai for their local currency and then used to purchase body massages will buy a greater number of body massages as opposed to using the same U.S dollar in the United States to buy body massages. Purchasing Power Parity takes into account this lower cost of living in Dubai and makes specific adjustments in order to for it to appear as if the entire income was being consum ed in the local country. From another viewpoint purchasing power parity is the number of a certain set basket of basic goods that can be purchased in a given country with the money that is produced by the said country. PPP exchange rates and the market exchange rates: There can be immense differences between the purchasing power parities and the market exchange rates between any set of

Lenovo Goes Global Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lenovo Goes Global - Term Paper Example This acquisition was a great opportunity for the Lenovo brand; however, it also posed significant challenges to the company’s management. The key challenge was associated with differences of the American and Chinese cultures. It took almost five years before the company has managed to resolve the worst of the cultural differences (Holstein, 3). This was a process of learning of a way in which the multinational company should operate in order to succeed. In result of this experience, the company has surpassed such global players on the PC’s market as Dell and Hewlett-Packard Company (Holstein, 4). Lenovo’s sales have almost doubled in 2014 compared to 2008, and reached $39 billion. This success was partially attributed to the company’s Mergers & Acquisition strategy. The company has successfully entered many foreign markets by acquiring local players. One of the most recent acquisitions was the handset division of Google and IBM’s low-end server busi ness in China (Holstein, 4). Another success factor was attributed to the company’s capability to develop a global network. Lenovo has developed effective HR strategies based on the global approach, adopted global management principles, and created network oriented enterprise. Also, the company has managed to transform its ineffective and costly supply chain into highly integrated, cost-effective, flexible and competitive supply chain system. In order to achieve this, Lenovo’s management has eliminated excessive elements and policies, have developed effective system of performance measurement, and provided extensive training to its top managers. Lenovo has also adopted â€Å"out of box† thinking culture and against all the stereotypes have reestablished electronics assembly in the United States (Holstein, 6). Despite the fact that the workforce in the US was more costly than in China, Lenovo has

Exchange Rate and Puchasing Power Parity Theory Essay

Exchange Rate and Puchasing Power Parity Theory - Essay Example Here, we will take a look at the concept that is the purchasing power parity and try to understand its implications on the currency exchange rates in the world. The best simplest way to describe Purchasing Power Parity, denoted by PPP, is by directly going into its application. So, PPP of the Gross Domestic Product for the countries around the world as of 2003, where we use the American economy as our base group and assign it a value of 100 would see the highest index value being appropriated to Bermuda i.e. 154. This basically means that goods that are sold in the Bermuda are 54% times more expensive as compared to those in United States. Now, the purchasing power parity theory makes use of the long term equilibrium exchange rate that exists between these two currencies in order to equalize the purchasing abilities of both the said currencies. This theory has been developed by the works of Gustav Cassel in 1920 and to put it in simplest terms, it is fundamentally the law of one price: the theory goes along the lines that in completely ideal and efficient markets, identical goods must have the same price regardless of the currency used in t he purchase of goods. By equalizing the purchasing power of different currencies in their home countries for a given basket of goods for different currencies, we can ascertain the purchasing power SEM rate. ... t are existent in a country as well as the similar rates of inflations from different countries as opposed to a generic nominal gross domestic product comparison. It is also a generally accepted notion that the most widely accepted and most often applied purchasing power parity exchange rate is the Geary-Khamis dollar; which is also known as the "international dollar". Changes in the PPP exchange rates: Purchasing power parity exchange rates; or what are known as 'real exchange rates' most often experience variability due to the exchange rate movements that taken place due to open market currency operations. Notwithstanding this type of value fluctuations, uniform variations of the market and the purchasing power parity exchange rates are observed. We have the example of the market exchange rates, which are usually priced for non-traded goods and services at a lower level than expected in the instances where the national incomes are also relatively low. This basically means that a U.S. dollar that is exchanged in Dubai for their local currency and then used to purchase body massages will buy a greater number of body massages as opposed to using the same U.S dollar in the United States to buy body massages. Purchasing Power Parity takes into account this lower cost of living in Dubai and makes specific adjustments in order to for it to appear as if the entire income was being consum ed in the local country. From another viewpoint purchasing power parity is the number of a certain set basket of basic goods that can be purchased in a given country with the money that is produced by the said country. PPP exchange rates and the market exchange rates: There can be immense differences between the purchasing power parities and the market exchange rates between any set of

Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Greek Mythology Essay Do you know any historical background on the word giant? Greek and Roman mythology is present all around us. Many new and interesting words were created from the Greeks. There are many types of myths that we hear about including; gods, goddesses, mythical heroes, other heroes, monsters, and villains. When looking up these myths, research will show that many of the words we say today come from these gods and goddesses. An example of this is the words gigantic and gigantism comes from giant. The word giant has a long, unique, and mysterious background. According to dictionary. com, â€Å"Giant is very large; abnormally great development in size. †(dictionary. com) Prior to my search, I predicted that a giant was a very large man that lived in the forest and had no connection with either gigantic nor gigantism. I inferred this because of movies and books. When I saw the word gigantic I remember hearing it and I thought it meant a large person, but I had no idea it was related to Greek or Roman mythology. Gigantism puzzled me because I’ve never heard it before. As I came across the definition of gigantic, I found out that it meant very large which connects to giant and gigantism. (dictionary. com) upon conducting research, I learned more about the root word giant, coming across information about its etymology and actual story behind it. Perrizo 2 Giant’s roots go all the way back before gods or even humans existed. The etymology relates back to Greek mythology the giants were the children of Uranus and Gaea. They were involved in a conflict with the Olympian gods called the Gigantomachy, which was eventually settled when the hero Heracles decided to help the Olympians. The Greeks believed some giants lay buried from that time under the earth and that they resulted in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Many stories have been written about giants in lots of cultures. In Norse mythology, the giants are the origin of most of various monsters, and in the eventual battle of Ragnarok the giants will storm Asgard and defeat them in war. The gods themselves were related to the giants by many marriages, and there are giants such as ? gir, Loki, Mimir and Ska? i, who have little difference in status to them. In Bulgarian mythology, giants called ispolini inhabited the Earth before modern humans. They lived in the mountains, fed on raw meat and often fought against dragons. Ispolini were afraid of blackberries which posed a danger of tripping and dying, so they offered sacrifices to that plant. Giants stand for the Basque people not willing to convert to Christianity who decides to stick to the old life style and customs in the forest. Sometimes they hold the secret of ancient techniques and wisdom unknown to the Christians, like in the legend of San Martin Txiki, while their most outstanding feature is their strength. It follows that in many legends all over the Basque territory the giants are held accountable for the creation of many stone formations, hills and old structures, with similar explanations provided in different spots. There are many similarities and differences in the words giant, gigantic, and gigantism. Gigantic is big: very large, tall, or bulky. Giant is a very tall imaginary creature: in fairy tales and legends, an imaginary being who resembles a human but is much taller, larger, and stronger. Perrizo 3 Gigantism is the quality of being giant: the quality or condition of being much taller, larger, or stronger than is usual. These three definitions are similar to each other because all of them have to do with being large. Today these words are all used to describe how tall, strong, or big someone is. All of these words also share the same Greek, Roman, and other origins. These he creatures. This particular word has a very long and precise background, whereas gigantic and gigantism have a short and not informational background. Not only is the word giant relevant in today’s world, famous playwright William Shakespeare alludes to the word in one of his plays. In Shakespeare’s play much ado about nothing, Claudio uses the word giant in act 1 scene 3. â€Å"He is then a giant to an ape; but then is an ape a doctor to such a man. †(line 2276) Shakespeare uses the monsters name as an illusion to illustrate the comparison between a giant, an ape, and man. Perhaps Shakespeare wanted to show the difference between stupid and so-called smart. Giant is being used to illustrate that a giant and an ape are two unintelligent creatures. Aside from Shakespeare’s use of the word, giant is used in the following quote from measure for measure. â€Å"O, I do fear thee, Claudio; and I quake, lest thou a fevorous life shouldest entertain, and six or seven winters more respect than a perpetual honor. Darest thou die? The sense of death is most apprehension; and the poor beetle that we tread upon, in corpual sufferance finds a pang as great as when a giant dies. (isabell). The word giant is used in reference to emphasize the greatness of a giant dieing with Claudio dying. perrizo 4 Whether giant is used in Shakespeare or other forms of literature, the words etymology seems to be prevalent in today’s world. The word Is regularly used today, ranging from a gas company, to a disability center. The general meaning of giant hasn’t changed over time, but only people who are educated about the word know its true mythical meaning. For example gigantism organization is an organization for the tallest people in the world. I did not find a relevant industry on website on giant or gigantic. When writing this paper, I learned a plethora of information about the word giant, and its ethnic background. Not only did I learn about this interesting monster, I gained experience on learning how to evaluate reliable sources and search the web cautiously. This essay taught me that the majority of the words we use today have an origins that dates back to Roman and Greek times. Giant originated the words gigantic and gigantism, and I found a great deal of information that connected giant to both of the other words. Furthermore, locating the information necessary to complete the project was easy and fast, but then I began to write my report, I had to think about where to start and how to organize the information I had into a cohesive essay. Finally,, I learned that people can misconstrue the meanings of words easily if they do not understand or use the words correctly. All people need to develop their communication skills and look up unfamiliar words or inquire about the origin of words so they learn about the amazing history of our amazing language.

Analysis of Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo (Dee) in Everyday Use

Analysis of Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo (Dee) in Everyday Use Where Must One Fit Analysis of Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo (Dee) in Everyday Use What made the Black Power movement of the 1960s and 70s such a powerful force, and why did it start in the first place? Author Russell Rickford explains in We Are an African People: Independent Education, Black Power, and the Radical Imagination, what Pan-Africanism means. The definition consists of rethinking African-American identity not in terms of being a minority or racial group, but as an African people. The movement was grounded in the importance of cultural rebirth to a people who were deemed unworthy of moral treatment, excluding them from the label of human. They did not know anything nor were aware about their African heritage. In Alice Walkers story Everyday Use she describes two sides of the same coin when it comes to heritage. Maggie, who stays at home with Mama and lives their heritage through traditions which are passed down. And Dee, who becomes enthralled with the concept of African-nationalism, practicing new habits which alter her psyche. This leads Dee to denounc e her recent heritage, excluding Mama and Maggie for being uneducated and categorizing the objects used every day as priceless folk-art. With the fight for desegregation of schools and the civil rights movement of the 1970s, African-nationalism was born. This is the time period when Dee, who was college educated, where the trend originated, had a new-found outlook on her African roots. So much so that she changed her outward appearance and name. When Mama inquired on why she changed it to Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo, Dee simply replied with Shes dead. I couldnt bare it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me.(27) Perplexed by the concept of the name change, Mama told her she was named after her aunt Dicie and that Dee was handed down through the generations. Wangero, getting tired of the conversation, jumped to the conclusion that somewhere down the line her ancestor was a slave to a white family and thus gave her a white name. Many outside sources such as The Nation of Islam encouraged Africans to abandon their slave names, their leader Elijah Muhammed writes You must remember that slave-names will keep you a slave in the eyes of the civilized world today. You have seen, and recently, that Africa and Asia will not honor you or give you any respect as long as you are called by the white mans name. Along with changing her name, Wangeros attire transformed as well. Straight hair, for Africans was a sign, another step towards assimilation into white society. Too more effectively exclude herself as an independent black woman Wangero grew out her afro. To Africans it was a symbol of defiance and repossession of her ancestral identity, embracing who they were naturally without being categorized as undesirable for their lack of straight fine hair.ÂÂ   She dressed herself in a long flowing bright dress that looked a lot like a traditional African garb and instead of saying hello she greeted Mama with the African term Wa-su-zo-Tean-o. The introduction to the new and improved Dee attests to the psychological process of morally separating herself from the past generations and reclaiming her Blackness. This includes wanting to take items from Mamas house in order to display them in a show and tell way further amplifying what she had to overcome. We are lead to question Dees sincerity when it comes to the acquisition of the items. Mama, our narrator, reminds us on how Dee hated the childhood house they used to live in and was joyful when it burnt down. Dee was embarrassed by Mama and the house, not wanting to bring friends over for introductions. She also tells us that when Dee was first going away to college, she offered her the very same quilts she now wanted to take and cherish. At the time, Dee abruptly refused them claiming they are old-fashioned, out of style. One can argue that the new-found appreciation for the family heirlooms is just part of the trend. That Dee can be seen as falsely affirming herself and becoming manipulated by the movement. Seeing that is it cool to have lived the struggle, that she came through by showing off her heritage through the art of hand stitched quilts made by her aunt. It seems as if she wants to gain respect from others following the movement by hanging and using these objects as art p ieces rather than the circumstances onto why they were made. Furthermore, at the beginning of the story, she snaps a picture of Mama and Maggie on the front porch. This is done after Mama describes herself as a large, big-boned women with rough, man working hands, one of the reasons why Dee never brought anybody over. This is done to further disrespect Dees own childhood, using it as a sort of show and tell, objectifying Mama and Maggie grouping them in the same category as the quilts, perhaps because she has missed out on the struggle of her heritage not learning the traditions of her ancestors. Dee, as Mama has lead us to believe, has never truly fit in. Always having her style even when she was young. Going away to college although has educated her academically, has left her out of learning the skills of her heritage like Maggie has. Quilting, field work, and all things Mama and Maggie have to deal with on a day to day bases is left untouched by Dee. This only solidifies Dees longing to be part of a culture and heritage she may feel left out of.ÂÂ   She feels obligated to present herself as part of the movement with the objects she wants to display. An African-American woman taking back her black identity. Trying so hard to claim the ranks on the social ladder leaves Dee unfeeling towards Mama and Maggie. This is especially seen when Mama refuses to give Wangero the quilts. Dee storms out to the car saying you dont understand your heritage. Understanding the character of Dee is complex. Because of the time period, Dee seems to be manipulated into a movement. While it is just, Dee resents her childhood forgetting where she came from. This in turn, leads her to denounce her recent heritage, demeaning Mama and Maggie and trying to fit within this movement by displaying folk-art. It is sad to see Dee pitying them as she gets into the car saying to Maggie Its really a new day for us. But with the way you and Mama live youd never know it just for one last verbal stab in defiance of her not getting her way. However, I end up feeling sorry for Dee, for within this new world she is living in, one must have asked the question where do I fit in? Work Cited Christian, Barbara T. Everyday Use and the Black Power Movement. 11th ser. (1944): n.pag. An Introduction to Fction. Web. Baker, Houston A. Stylish Vs. Sacred in Everyday Use.' 11th ser. (1985): 466-468. An Introduction to Fiction. Web. In search of African America: One collectors experience. An exhibit at the Herbert Hoover presidential museum. 21 Mar. 2004. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. B. Glaser, Linda, and AS Communications. The Black Power Movement and Its Schools. N.p., 2 Feb. 2016. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Franchi, Elena. What is Cultural Heritage? Khan Academy, 2014. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Makalani, Minkah. Pan-Africanism. African Age. Rutgers University, 2011. Web. 1 Mar. 2017.

School Districts Essay -- Education, Teachers

Every school district aims for high achievement; some consistently exceed expectations while others fail. With close to 3.2 million teachers employed nationwide (Fast Facts, 2011), school districts are often categorized into three groups: urban, suburban and rural. Within these categories, lower socioeconomic status is prevalent in the rural and urban areas. However, the students in urban districts are the most culturally diverse. Many people would assume a teacher in a rural school would use similar to identical teaching strategies as one in an urban school. However, this assumption is incorrect for several reasons. Students in urban schools endure many hardships unique to its location and the social issues that exist. This research expository will serve as a guideline for success for administrators and teachers in urban schools and teachers. In this unique environment, it’s critical that teachers build off the most important resource they have: the student body. Urban distr icts have many disadvantages and face my tribulations in its quest to become a successful school (meeting standards). The teachers in urban districts have typically been very unhappy compared to those who teach in rural and suburban districts. Many teachers claim they are dissatisfied because they feel their role is minimal in deciding important educational decisions such as curriculum. In these urban districts, a top-down approach is commonly used and teachers have claimed to feel as though the wrong people are making the most important decisions. Many administrators feel it is necessary in today’s urban educational environment because of the amount of first year teachers hired every year. Another reason district administrators create curriculum is b... ...tion needed to succeed in the school. In experimental studies, urban schools that use service learning as a curriculum guideline have seen attendance and test scores rise while behavior issues subside. Laws, such as No Child Left Behind, that threaten failing schools with punitive penalties if test scores do not meet a standard are fueling the growing pandemic that is the failing urban schools of the United States. It must be understood that education in the public school system cannot be solved with an old fashioned cookie cutter approach; not all schools should be treated the same. The fact is all schools are unique because they are filled with individuals stemming from their own unique cultural background. Motivation and personalization is key; by tapping into their interests and lifestyle, teachers can bridge the gap between success and repeated failure.

perfectly Imperfect: The Shakespeare Story :: essays research papers fc

"Perfectly Imperfect: The Shakespeare Story" Few authors today write with such universal understanding that their works will be popular with all types of people, and so successfully that their work survives centuries. These authors posses qualities we can seldom identify in their lifetimes. Yet we do know this -- William Shakespeare was one of them. William Shakespeare's parents were John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. John Shakespeare was born in 1529. His father was a small tenant farmer in Snitterfield, near Stratford-upon-Avon. He became a successful glover and trader, and owned civic office in Stratford. He was not born to the nobility, but he did have some authority in the town. In 1596 he was given by the College of Arms the right to a coat of arms and a crest. Doing that advanced his status to that of a country gentleman. He would belong to the upper class of rural society. That was the class just under the knights and the nobility to which the country gentleman could be promoted if he made money in trade or the law and had influence at court. His rise in authority began the year after he was married. He became constable of Stratford, in charge of keeping the town safe. From 1561 to 1565, he was Chamberlain, responsible for the oversight and maintenance of Corporation of Stratford property. In 1564, his name appeared on the list of Capital Burgesses. He was likely a member for a number of years, just without his name on the list. Capital Burgesses were the main English parliament representatives for towns or boroughs. Later on, he was bailiff of the town, and held many important positions throughout his life. William Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, was born to nobility, a wealthy family. She was the youngest daughter of Robert Arden, also a country gentleman, of Wilmcote. He left in his will to Mary the estate of Asbies in Wilmcote and six pounds, thirteen shillings, and sixpence. Within a year of her father's death, in 1557, Mary married John Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was the third child, born after Joan and Margaret Shakespeare. Margaret died before William was born, and Joan died sometime before 1569. William was born in 1564. His exact birth date is not known, though it is known that he was baptized on April 26 in the Holy Trinity Church of Stratford. His birthday could have been any of the four or five days before that day. Traditionally, it has been said that he was born on the 23 of April, the same day of his death and St.

Mother to Son by Langston Hughes Essay

â€Å"Mother to Son†, published in 1922 by Langston Hughes, was one of the most famous poems he had written. Hughes was African-American and was born in 1902. While living in the 1900’s Hughes and his family experienced the hardships of racism, discrimination, and slavery. Therefore, this poem is not only words of encouragement from a mother to a son, but also words of encouragement to the entire African American community. This poem of inspiration let the community know that the difficulties that they all had to endure at the time were felt by all and that they were not alone in the struggle. Hughes wrote this from the standpoint of a mother encouraging her son to keep going no matter what hardships he may experience. She explained that life is hard and he is not the only one who has had to endure the experience of life’s hard lessons. The poem passes on a message from a mother to her son instructing him that he must remain optimistic despite the obstacles that life can bring. The mother compares her life to a set of old broken down wooden stairs. Using the metaphor that â€Å"life for me has not been any set of crystal stairs† (2, 20), she implies to her son that her life has not been easy or pleasant either. The mother continues to tell her son of the obstacles that she has overcome by describing the old wooden stairs. She says â€Å"it has had tacks in it and splinters and boards torn up and places with no carpet on the floor – bare.† (3-7) The tacks on the stairs were placed there by another person representing the wrong doings to her by another person and the splinters may have been the result of her actions. These tacks and splinters symbolize the cruel reality of life, as opposed to the ideal fantasy life, such as having a set of â€Å"crystal stairs†. Through the voice of the mother, Hughes uses the set of stairs as a metaphor for life and the hardships that they can bring. In spite of these obstacles the mother has moved up the stairs and has overcome them. She tells him she has â€Å"been a climbin’ on, and reachin’ landin’s, and turnin’ corners, and sometimes going in the dark when there ain’t been no light† (9-13). She means here that sometimes she was blind to where the  stairs or her life was leading her and the direction was unknown, but she still continued. The mother continues to encourage her son by telling him â€Å"not to turn back or set down on the steps ’cause you finds it’s kinder hard† (14-16). She is telling her him not to give up regardless of how hard things may seem at the time and if he continues on he will eventually overcome these obstacles that are causing him such despair. She believes that once you stop it is harder to get started again and she encourages him by telling him how she’s â€Å"still goin, honey and I’se sill climin’ and that life for me ain’t been no crystal stair† (18-20). She also tells him that she has made it and still has to encounter these obstacles even in her golden years and she did not give up and has not given up and if she is strong enough to make it then so can he. Through a mother’s voice Hughes uses metaphors, symbolism, and imagery. He also conveys a message of encouragement. Durring the time this he wrote this poem the message may have been directed towards the African American community; however, today the message is directed to all who feel like giving into the hard times that life can and will bring. Hughes also reminds us that we are not alone in these hard times and that everyone experiences the same hard times in some form or another. Langston Hughes’ died in 1967; I hope he knew that this poem spoke words of encouragement not only to the African American race but also to the rest of us needing some inspiration. His poem reminds up to be hopeful and to not give up on ourselves.

Poverty and Deprivation Essay

The area a child grows up in has an effect, for example if a child is brought up on a council estate in poor housing they are more likely to have health problems. If parents are not working or have low income jobs they are likely to buy cheaper food and usually this means lower quality which can lead to health problems. Children and their families may have lower expectations. They might settle for the life that id mapped out. If a child lives in high rise flats or appartments they have less oppportunities to play. In poor quality housing there may not be a garden or safe playing area. This is reducing the childs opportunities to develop their physical gross motor skills. This of course is not always the case and there are many ways that we can tackle these issues and help to improve the chances and opportunities children have who live in poverty. However, if a lack of nourishing food is a problem due to severe poverty, this can severly damage a childs physical and mental well being. This can have a knock on effect in the sense that they become listless and withdrawn from having no energy, meaning they find it hard to take part in learning activities and won’t have the benefit of developing their learning further. If there is a strained parental relationship due to money worries a child will undoubtedly be affect by this also. Poverty can affect children adversley in many ways and it’s important that they get what they are missing at home when they go to pre-school/nursery. History of abuse and neglect – Family environment and background – Behaviour of mother during pregnancy – †¢ During pregnancy, if a mother smokes, takes drugs, becomes ill or suffers from stress or anxiety this can result in premature birth and health problems for the baby such as -: low birth weight, undeveloped organs, problems with sight and hearing. These are all problems that could delay their development. Some children are born with conditions that could affect  their development such as a blood disorder. Personal choices – †¢If a child or young person as decided for what ever reason they do not want to be educated or leave school before they finish their education, this is their choice and we cannot always show them alternative choices for staying at school. Looked after/care status – †¢This again could have a huge influence as a lot of looked after children are moved around regularly. This will effect their education enormously. Separation and attachment issues are quite often the cause of many reasons not to want to be in school. This is constantly worked on by schools to find the best way to include these children in school and to be able to give them a good standard of education. Education – †¢If for example a child has not attended a nursery or play group in their early years this can often set them back from what development stage they should be at when attending school. This could be the lack of nursery places, not good enough teachers to the child having a learning disability that has not been identified yet. 2.3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice. Albert Bandura – imitating/copying other.  Burrhus Skinner – learning is affected by awars and punishments. Jean Piaget – children actively involved in their learning. Shabhna Jerome – active in own learning, develop different ways of thinking at different stages. Lev Vygotsky- Zone of Proximal Development/scaffolding, children actively learning through social interaction. How current theorist views influence practice today. Skinner – reward charts and other positive reinforcement techniques.  Vygotsky – developed a concept called proximal development which centres on the idea that adults help children to learn and that children help each other . Guiding children to look for answers by imitating what they see in others, listening to instructions and working as part of a group all provide opportunities for them to expand their current base of knowledge. Bruner- developed spiral curriculum which makes us believe that children learn through discovery with direct assistance by adults to encourage them to return to activities time and time again which would develop and extend their learning. His theory is used today as children have plenty of opportunity for free play and child initiated activities which form the majority of the day under the Foundation Phase Curriculum. Bandura – developed the social learning theory which is basically learning through watching others. By setting a good example and modelling good behaviour children will learn how to behave appropriately.